Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
|
|
 |
| Goodding's willow. Image by Patrick J. Alexander, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Reed, William R. 1993. Salix gooddingii In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
http://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/salgoo/all.html [].
Revisions:
Images were added on 21 June 2018.
ABBREVIATION:
SALGOO
SYNONYMS:
Salix gooddingii var. gooddingii
Salix gooddingii var. variabilis Ball [16,19,30]
Salix nigra Marsh. var. vallicola Dudley
NRCS PLANT CODE:
SAGO
COMMON NAMES:
Goodding's willow
black willow
Dudley willow
valley willow
western black willow
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of Goodding's willow is Salix gooddingii Ball.
(Salicaceae) [16,19,30].
Some authorities consider S. gooddingii a western variety of S. nigra.
Dorn, however, considered them distinct species, citing differences in
chemistry [30,34].
LIFE FORM:
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Goodding's willow is distributed from northern California to western
Colorado and south to southern California and Texas. It is also found
in river valleys of northern Mexico [16,18,19,29,31].
 |
| Distribution of Goodding's willow. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, June 21] [29]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
STATES:
AZ CA CO NV NM TX UT MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS:
BIBE CACA CHCU CHIR DEVA FOBO
GRCA GUMO JOTR LAME MOCA ORPI
SAGU WHSA ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
3 Southern Pacific Border
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K030 California oakwoods
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
SAF COVER TYPES:
235 Cottonwood - willow
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
246 California black oak
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - gray pine
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Goodding's willow is dominant in many riparian communities of the West,
where it frequently codominates with Fremont cottonwood (Populus
fremontii) [24,27,28]. It is listed as a dominant plant species in the
following published classifications:
Classification of riparian habitat in the Southwest [21]
Southwestern riparian plant communities: site characteristics,
tree species distributions, and size-class structures [28]
Terrestrial natural communities of California [11]
Common plant associates of Goodding's willow are Arizona sycamore
(Platanus wrightii), mesquite (Prosopis spp.), desertwillow (Chilopsis
linearis), and southwestern condalia (Condalia lyciodes) [7,9].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Willows (Salix spp.) provide excellent browse and cover for wildlife and
domestic animals. They are a preferred food of beaver and are often
used as building material for beaver dens. Mature willows provide
valuable shade in rangelands of southern Arizona [1,16].
PALATABILITY:
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Goodding's willow is used for streambank stabilization and erosion
control. It has both abundant small surface roots and deeper main root
branches. Zimmerman [33] has noted root depths of up to 7 feet (2.1 m)
in Arizona. Goodding's willow also provides shade for fish and other
wildlife [5,15]. It tolerates flooding and long, hot growing seasons,
making it ideal for rehabilitating riparian zones of the Southwest.
Cutting or topping trees in order to encourage sprouting is commonly
practiced in Arizona and New Mexico in order to reestablish Goodding
willow stands [13,22].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Willow shoots and bark were used by early Americans to make baskets and
fish traps, and for fence posts, shelters, and firewood [15,20].
All willows produce salacin, a chemical related to aspirin. A decoction
of Goodding's willow leaves is used in Mexico for treating fevers [30].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Willows are usually planted using stem cuttings. Establishment of
Goodding's willow in riparian zones can be aided by deep tillage of the
soil, preferably to the water table, before transplanting. This is
especially effective where soils are compacted or salinized [2].
If Goodding's willow seeds are sown, they must be collected and dispersed
as soon as fruits ripen. Seeds remain viable for only a few days.
Commercial seed is not available. Seeds may be stored for up to 1 month
if moistened and refrigerated in a sealed container [5].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Goodding's willow is a fast-growing, deciduous, dioecious, native shrub or
tree. It attains a height of 20 to 60 feet (6-18 m) and has an average
d.b.h. of 30 inches (76.2 cm). Leaves are 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) long;
female catkins are 1.5 to 3.2 inches (4-8 cm) long. Fruits are
capsular. The bark of Goodding's willow is thick, rough, and deeply
furrowed [5,18,19,31].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Sexual reproduction: Goodding's willow begins producing seed at 2 to 10
years of age. Optimum seed-bearing age of willows is 25 to 75 years,
and large seed crops are produced annually. The minute, hairy seed is
dispersed by wind and water and does not exhibit dormancy. Seed remains
viable for only a few days. Germination is epigeal and usually occurs
within 12 to 24 hours. Seedling establishment is best on moist, bare
soils. Both fire and flood create favorable seedbed conditions
[5,6,20].
Vegetative reproduction: Goodding's willow sprouts from the root crown
[6,22].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Goodding's willow occurs in riparian zones. Sites are typically
seasonally inundated by water and have shallow water tables and
fine-grained alluvial soils. Goodding's willow grows well in the pH range
of 6 to 7 and tolerates alkaline desert soils [13,20,25].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Obligate Initial Community Species
Goodding's willow is an initial to early seral species. It has very low
shade tolerance but high flood tolerance [14,20]. It does not sprout
beneath its own canopy. Gooding willow seedlings compete poorly with
grasses [27].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Catkins of Goodding's willow appear in early March. Seeds ripen and are
dispersed in early spring [5,18,27].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Information concerning effects of fire on Goodding's willow is lacking.
It probably sprouts vigorously after a fire, as do most members of the
willow genus. Fires are uncommon in the riparian zones in which
Goodding's willow occurs.
Wind-dispersed Gooding willow seed are probably important in the
colonization of recently burned sites [5]. Severe fires expose mineral
soil, creating ideal conditions for seedling establishment.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Low- to moderate-severity fires probably top-kill young Gooding willow
stems. Mature trees probably survive such fires. Severe fires
sometimes kill willows by completely removing soil organic layers and
charring the roots [32].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Goodding's willow probably sprouts vigorously from the root crown
following fire [3,10].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Salix gooddingii
REFERENCES:
1. Allen, Arthur W. 1983. Habitat suitability index models: beaver.
FWS/OBS-82/10.30 (Revised). Washingtion, DC: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 p. [11716]
2. Anderson, Bertin. 1988. Deep tillage aids tree establishment in riparian
revegetation projects in arid Southwest. Restoration & Management Notes.
6(2): 84-87. [6138]
3. Argus, George W. 1973. The genus Salix in Alaska and the Yukon.
Publications in Botany, No. 2. Ottowa, ON: National Museums of Canada,
National Museum of Natural Sciences. 279 p. [6167]
4. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
5. Brinkman, Kenneth A. 1974. Salix L. willow. In: Schopmeyer, C. S.,
technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States.
Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service: 746-750. [5412]
6. Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., tech. coords. 1990. Silvics of
North America. Vol 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 877 p. [13955]
7. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
8. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
9. Gavin, Thomas A.; Sowls, Lyle K. 1975. Avian fauna of a San Pedro Valley
mesquite forest. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science. 10: 33-41.
[10861]
10. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D.; Mather, J. 1990. Autecology of common plants
in British Columbia: A literature review. Economic and Regional
Development Agreement FRDA Rep. 158. Victoria, BC: Forestry Canada,
Pacific Forestry Centre; British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research
Branch. 272 p. [18033]
11. Holland, Robert F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial
natural communities of California. Sacramento, CA: California Department
of Fish and Game. 156 p. [12756]
12. Holland, Robert F.; Roye, Cynthia L. 1989. Great Valley riparian
habitats and the National Registry of Natural Landmarks. In: Abell, Dana
L., technical coordinator. Proceedings of the California riparian
systems conference: Protection, management, and restoration for the
1990's; 1988 September 22-24; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110.
Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 69-73. [13511]
13. Holstein, Glen. 1984. California riparian forests: deciduous islands in
an evergreen sea. In: Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds.
California riparian systems: Ecology, conservation, and productive
management: Proceedings of a conference; 1981 September 17-19; Davis,
CA. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 2-22. [5830]
14. Howe, William H.; Knoff, Fritz L. 1991. On the imminent decline of Rio
Grande cottonwoods in central New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist.
36(2): 218-224. [15697]
15. Johnson, Carl M. 1970. Common native trees of Utah. Special Report 22.
Logan, UT: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources,
Agricultural Experiment Station. 109 p. [9785]
16. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock,
Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
17. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
18. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1950. Southwestern trees: A guide to the native
species of New Mexico and Arizona. Agriculture Handbook No. 9.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 109 p.
[20330]
19. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
20. Hewsholme, Christopher. 1992. Willows: The genus Salix. Portland, OR:
Timber Press, Inc. 224 p. [20106]
21. Pase, Charles P.; Layser, Earle F. 1977. Classification of riparian
habitat in the Southwest. In: Johnson, Roy; Jones, Dale A., technical
coordinators. Importance, preservation and management of riparian
habitat: A symposium; 1977 July 9; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 5-9. Available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA 22151; PB-274 582. [5333]
22. Pope, Dennis P.; Brock, John H.; Backhaus, Ralph A. 1990. Vegetative
propagation of key southwestern woody riparian species. Desert Plants.
10(2): 91-95. [11834]
23. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
24. Richter, Holly E. 1992. Development of a conceptual model for floodplain
restoration in a desert riparian system. Arid Lands Newsletter. 32:
13-17. [18614]
25. Siegel, Richard S.; Brock, John H. 1990. Germination requirements of key
Southwestern woody riparian species. Desert Plants. 10(1): 3-8, 34.
[10554]
26. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
27. Stolzenburg, William. 1993. A river floods through it. Nature
Conservancy. 43(3): 22-27. [20585]
28. Szaro, Robert C. 1990. Southwestern riparian plant communities: site
characteristics, tree species distributions, and size-class structures.
Forest Ecology and Management. 33/34: 315-334. [10031]
29. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2018. PLANTS Database, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (Producer).
Available: https://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]
30. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest.
Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
31. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
32. Zasada, J. 1986. Natural regeneration of trees and tall shrubs on forest
sites in interior Alaska. In: Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F. S., III;
Flanagan, P. W.; [and others], eds. Forest ecosystems in the Alaska
taiga: A synthesis of structure and function. New York: Springer-Verlag:
44-73. [2291]
33. Zimmermann, Robert C. 1969. Plant ecology of an arid basin: Tres
Alamos-Redington Area, southeastern Arizona. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 485-D. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey. 51 p. [4287]
34. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native
and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952]
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/salgoo/all.html
