Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
Introductory
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Pavek, Diane S. 1994. Pinus engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/pineng/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
PINENG
SYNONYMS :
Pinus latifolia Sarg.
Pinus apacheca Lemm. [13,14,18,30,38]
SCS PLANT CODE :
PIEN2
COMMON NAMES :
Apache pine
Arizona longleaf pine
pino real
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of Apache pine is Pinus
engelmannii Carr. It is a member of the pine family (Pinaceae)
[14,30,61,62]. In addition to the typical variety, there is one
recognized variety in Mexico, P. e. var. blancoi Mart. [7,45,62].
Where their ranges overlap, interspecific hybrids occur between Apache
pine, interior ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. scopulorum), and Arizona
pine (P. p. var. arizonica) [12,43,44,49].
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Apache pine has a very limited distribution in the United States. It
occurs in the Chiricahua, Huachuca, Dragoon, and Santa Rita mountains of
Arizona and in one area of extreme southwestern New Mexico [13,18,34,
42,61]. The main part of its range is in Mexico. Apache pine occurs
commonly in the Sierra Madre Occidental, extending southward from the
United States border to Zacatecas [14,28,44,45].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
STATES :
AZ NM MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
7 Lower Basin and Range
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
SAF COVER TYPES :
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Apache pine primarily occurs in Madrean pine-oak and oak-pine forests
and woodlands. Codominant and subdominant species that occur with
Apache pine in these communities are Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla
var. chihuahuana), Mexican pinyon (P. cembroides), and alligator
juniper (Juniperus deppeana); the understories are predominantly oak
(Quercus spp.) [1,7,11,21,22,35]. The communities may extend upward
into the mixed pine forests [9].
Apache pine forms open stands and is widely scattered in mixed pine
forests with Arizona pine, Chihuahua pine, and southwestern white pine
(P. strobiformis) [2,15,29].
Apache pine is the principal species in the Apache pine series
[1,6,20,39,40].
Scattered Apache pine occur in riparian habitats. Along streamsides,
Apache pine is a minor species in some stands of Chihuahua pine/pinyon
ricegrass (Piptochaetium fimbriatum) habitat types and is codominant in
Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica) types [15,39,41,48]. It is a
minor species in the Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) series and
community types [39,56].
Apache pine is listed as a dominant or indicator species in the
following publications:
(1) Classification of the forest vegetation on the National Forests of
Arizona and New Mexico [1]
(2) Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona
south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [6]
(3) A digitized computer-compatible classification for natural and
potential vegetation in the Southwest with particular reference to
Arizona [11]
(4) A series vegetation classification for Region 3 [39]
(5) A forest habitat type classification of southern Arizona and its
relationship to forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico [40].
Species associated with Apache pine but not previously mentioned in
Occurrence and Distribution include Arizona madrone (Arbutus arizonica),
Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), western white honeysuckle (Lonicera
albiflora), and slimflower scurfpea (Psoralea tenuiflora) [16,48].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
The limited distribution of Apache pine restricts its commercial
importance [13,18,33]. The wood of Apache pine is hard and heavy
[25,61]. It is sometimes harvested with associated pines for lumber and
construction timbers. Apache pine is used locally for fuel [45].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Apache pine is of limited use to wildlife [18]. Birds, rodents, and
other animals consume its seeds [25,32,59]. The intensity of seed
predation was not described in the literature. However, Apache pine has
synchronous cone crops at irregular intervals [52]; such masting may
have evolved in response to heavy seed predation.
Mexican spotted owls are yearlong residents of the Madrean oak-pine
forests to which Apache pine belongs [23].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
Apache pine provides cover for wildlife [32].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Apache pine was planted with 37 other pine species in trials on sandhill
sites in northwestern Florida. It did not survive [10].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Apache pine was evaluated for suitability as a timber tree at the Wind
River Arboretum in Wyoming. Most transplanted trees died; three trees
survived for 55 years. At that time, they had poor vigor, needle
disease, snow and ice damage, and no reproduction [51].
Apache pine was included in a breeding program that studied pollen
production at the Eddy Arboretum in California. Apache pine produced
pollen from April through June over a 6-year period [17].
Equations to estimate understory production have been developed for the
oak-pine forests in which Apache pine occurs [22].
In the oak-pine forests where Apache pine is an overstory tree, the
removal of large nest trees for fuelwood can reduce habitat suitability
for the Mexican spotted owl [23].
Apache pine is susceptible to southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium
vaginatum ssp. cryptopodum). Control methods are discussed in the
literature [27].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Apache pine is a native, monoecious tree. Mature individuals are 50 to
82 feet (15-25 m) tall and have trunk diameters from 14 to 32 inches
(35-80 cm) [13,25,30,45]. The bark on mature trees is about 1.5 inches
(3.8 cm) thick [25]. The crown is open and round with few large
branches [33,45]. Evergreen needles are in bundles of three or
occasionally four or five and are 8 to 15 inches (20-38 cm) long
[25,32,42,45]. Cones are 4 to 7 inches (10-18 cm) long and are borne in
pairs or groups of four [25,42,45]. Seeds are just over 0.25 inch (0.6
cm) long with large wings up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) long [25,61].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Apache pine reproduces by seed; no information on vegetative
reproduction was found in the literature. Apache pine populations in
Chihuahua, Mexico, produce synchronous seed crops at irregular intervals
[52]. Apache pine begins to bear cones when 28 to 30 years old [30].
Although the intervals between large seed crops are 2 to 4 years, some
seeds are produced every year in parts of its range [25,30]. Cones
mature in 2 years [25]. The seeds weigh only 0.002 ounces (0.05 g) and
are wind dispersed [25,57]. Animals consume some seed [25], but it was
not found in the literature whether animals contribute to effective
dispersal and establishment of Apache pine.
Information about cone and seed collection and seed germination
conditions are discussed in the literature [30]. Optimal germination
occurs on broken and washed mineral soil [25].
Apache pine seedlings tolerate significantly (P<0.05) lower light than
found in random microsites [4]. Seedlings and saplings have long
needles, about 6 inches in length (15 cm) [33], which may increase net
photosynthesis under low light conditions.
Apache pine seedlings produce a relatively deep taproot and little
top-growth during their first few years [46]. Near the lower
elevational limit of this species, Apache pine seedlings occur in
relatively moist microsites. Just below the lowest elevational limit,
Apache pine seedlings die from water stress [4]. Juveniles and saplings
that have trunk diameters less than 2 inches (5 cm) at the base and are
less than 3.2 feet (1 m) tall have less effective root systems for
withstanding drought than mature trees [5,62].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Apache pine grows in climates that range from semiarid with bimodal
precipitation to temperate-subhumid with most precipitation falling in
summer [5,60].
Apache pine grows on dry to moderately moist canyon slopes, ridges,
mesas, lower slopes, valleys, and streamside terraces [6,15,39,43,
45,54]. Apache pine ranges from 5,000 to 9,100 feet (1,524-2,750 m) in
elevation [5,16,18,37,43,45,60].
Apache pine occurs on soils of varying depths and textures. Soils can
be 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) deep with textures ranging from sandy to
clayey sand with gravel [5,25,60]. Parent material can be igneous,
rhyolite, basalt, or schist [7,60].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Apache pine is shade tolerant during establishment [4,25]. It becomes
shade intolerant after about 6 years [25].
The successional status of Apache pine depends on location and
associated species. It may be seral to or climax with any of the
conifer species in mixed pine forests [15]. Apache pine is a climax
species in the Madrean pine-oak woodlands and forests [6].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Needles remain on Apache pine for 2 years. Seed production requires 2
years [25]. Pollination occurs mainly during May [30,50]. Cones mature
from November to December of the second year [30,45]. Seeds disperse
from November to February [30,50].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Mature Apache pine endure most fires and become dominant when fire
susceptible species are eliminated [7,37].
Apache pine grows in oak-pine woodlands; these are probably
fire-tolerant, fire-maintained communities, although the fire regime is
not well understood for these associations [54]. Apache pine occurs in
the Madrean oak-pine forest and adjacent conifer gallery forest in
Rhyolite Canyon in the Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona.
Historically, surface fires occurred episodically every 1 to 38 years
[55]. Based on the fire-scars of Apache pine, the mean fire interval
from 1655 to 1924 was 12.5 years in the lower canyon area [54]. Fire
intervals increased with livestock grazing and the subsequent reduction
in surface fuels [55].
Fire is characteristic of interior ponderosa pine forests. Fires from
these communities may extend downward into mixed pine or oak-pine
forests in which Apache pine occurs. In the Rincon Mountains close to
the northern latitudinal limits of Apache pine, the estimated mean fire
intervals from 1757 to 1983 for Arizona pine communities ranged from 1
to 13 years [3].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire effects on Apache pine are probably influenced most by tree size
and fire intensity. Apache pine seedlings and saplings are probably
killed by fire. With thicker bark and deeper roots, mature trees are
fire resistant [7]. Once shed, the small seeds with large wings are
probably killed by fire unless they are covered with an insulating layer
of soil.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
The response of Apache pine to fire was not described in the literature.
Since regeneration of Apache pine is exclusively through seed, rates of
regeneration are probably dependent on survival of mature trees within
the burn and the proximity of seed trees. Seeds will germinate in
mineral soil exposed by fire as long as adequate moisture is present.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Increased grazing coupled with fire suppression has resulted in crowded,
stunted Apache pine with high amounts of litter and dead fuel in the
oak-pine communities [36]. This increases the fire hazard in these
communities.
Fire is the primary control for southwestern dwarf mistletoe infection.
Prescribed understory burning has been used in interior ponderosa pine
forests to control this pathogen [26]. Since Apache pine and interior
ponderosa pine respond similarly to southwestern dwarf mistletoe
infection [27], fire may be useful for controlling mistletoe in Apache pine.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Pinus engelmannii
REFERENCES :
1. Alexander, Robert R.; Ronco, Frank, Jr. 1987. Classification of the
forest vegetation on the National Forests of Arizona and New Mexico.
Res. Note RM-469. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10
p. [3515]
2. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1984. Timberline: Mountain and
arctic forest frontiers. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 304 p. [339]
3. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a
desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
4. Barton, Andrew M. 1992. Factors controlling lower elevational limits of
plants: responses of pines to drought in the Chiricahua Mountains,
Arizona. In: Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Bennett, Duane
A.; [and others], technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak
and associated woodlands: perspectives in the sw United States & n
Mexico: Proceedings; 1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep.
RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 191-194.
[19764]
5. Barton, Andrew M.; Teeri, James A. 1993. The ecology of elevational
positions in plants: drought resistance in five montane pine species in
southwestern Arizona. American Journal of Botany. 80(1): 15-25. [20527]
6. Bassett, R.; Larson, M.; Moir, W. 1987. Forest and woodland habitat
types (plant associations) of Arizona south of the Mogollon Rim and
southwestern New Mexico. 2nd Edition. Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. [Pages unknown].
[20308]
7. Bennett, Peter S.; Kunzmann, Michael R. 1992. The applicability of
generalized fire prescriptions to burning of Madrean evergreen forest
and woodland. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 24-25:
79-84. [18324]
8. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
9. Bowers, Janice E.; McLaughlin, Steven P. 1987. Flora and vegetation of
the Rincon Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Desert Plants. 8(2): 50-94.
[495]
10. Brendemuehl, R. H. 1981. Options for management of sandhill forest land.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 5: 216-222. [9305]
11. Brown, David E.; Lowe, Charles H. 1974. A digitized computer-compatible
classification for natural and potential vegetation in the Southwest
with particular reference to Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of
Science. 9: 3-11. [20374]
12. Conkle, M. Thompson; Critchfield, William B. 1988. Genetic variation and
hybridization of ponderosa pine. In: Baumgartner, David M.; Lotan, James
E., compilers. Ponderosa pine: The species and its management: Symposium
proceedings; 1987 September 29 - October 1; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA:
Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 27-43. [9399]
13. Correll, Donovan S.; Johnston, Marshall C. 1970. Manual of the vascular
plants of Texas. Renner, TX: Texas Research Foundation. 1881 p. [4003]
14. Critchfield, William B.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1966. Geographic
distribution of the pines of the world. Misc. Publ. 991. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 97 p. [20314]
15. DeVelice, Robert L.; Ludwig, John A. 1983. Forest habitat types south of
the Mogollon Rim, Arizona and New Mexico. Final Report. Cooperative
Agreement No. 28-K2-240 between U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and New
Mexico State University. Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University. 47
p. [780]
16. Diem, Kenneth L.; Zeveloff, Samuel I. 1980. Ponderosa pine bird
communities. In: DeGraaf, Richard M., technical coordinator. Management
of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds: Workshop
proceedings; 1980 February 11-14; Salt Lake City, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-86. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 170-197. [17905]
17. Duffield, J. W. 1953. Pine pollen collection dates--annual and
geographic variation. For. Res. Notes No. 85. Berkeley, CA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, California Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 9 p. [17970]
18. Elias, Thomas S. 1980. The complete trees of North America: field guide
and natural history. New York: Times Mirror Magazines, Inc. 948 p.
[21987]
19. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
20. Ferguson, Dennis E.; Carlson, Clinton E. 1991. Natural regeneration of
interior Douglas-fir in the northern Rocky Mountains. In: Baumgartner,
David M.; Lotan, James E., compilers. Interior Douglas-fir: The species
and its management: Symposium proceedings; 1991 February 27 - March 1;
Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Department of
Natural Resource Sciences, Cooperative Extension: 239-246. [18298]
21. Floyd, Mary Elizabeth. 1981. The reproductive biology of two species of
pinyon pine in the southwestern United States. Boulder, CO: University
of Colorado. 269 p. Ph.D. dissertation. [1676]
22. Gallina, Sonia; Ffolliott, Peter F. 1983. Overstory-understory
relationships: oak-pine forests of Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. In:
Bartlett, E. T.; Betters, David R., eds. Overstory-understory
relationships in western forests. Western Regional Res. Publ. No. 1.
Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Experiment Station: 19-20.
[3312]
23. Ganey, Joseph L.; Duncan, Russell B.; Block, William M. 1992. Use of oak
and associated woodlands by Mexican spotted owls in Arizona. In:
Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Bennett, Duane A.; [and
others], technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oaks and
associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States
and northern Mexico: Proceedings; 1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista,
AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station: 125-128. [19751]
24. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
25. Graves, Henry S. 1917. The pine trees of the Rocky Mountain region.
Bulletin No. 460. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service. 48 p. [20321]
26. Harrington, Michael G.; Hawksworth, Frank G. 1990. Interactions of fire
and dwarf mistletoe on mortality of Southwestern ponderosa pine. In:
Krammes, J. S., technical coordinator. Effects of fire management of
Southwestern natural resources: Proceedings of the symposium; 1988
November 15-17; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-191. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station: 234-240. [11296]
27. Hawksworth, Frank G.; Shaw, Charles G., III; Tkacz, Borys. 1989. Damage
and control of diseases of Southwest ponderosa pine. In: Tecle, Aregai;
Covington, W. Wallace; Hamre, R. H., technical coordinators.
Multiresource management of ponderosa pine forests: Proceedings of the
symposium; 1989 November 14-16; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-185.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 116-129. [11311]
28. Hernandez C., Victor Manuel; Hernandez, Francisco Javier; Gonzales,
Santiago Solis. 1992. Ecology of oak woodlands in the Sierra Madre
Occidental of Mexico. In: Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.;
Bennett, Duane A.; [and others], technical coordinators. Ecology and
management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the sw
United States & n Mexico: Proceedings; 1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista,
AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station: 39-40. [19739]
29. Jones, John R. 1974. Silviculture of southwestern mixed conifers and
aspen: The status of our knowledge. Res. Pap. RM-122. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station. 44 p. [16081]
30. Krugman, Stanley L.; Jenkinson, James L. 1974. Pinaceae--pine family.
In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in
the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service: 598-637. [1380]
31. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
32. Lamb, S. H. 1971. Woody plants of New Mexico and their value to
wildlife. Bull. 14. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and
Fish. 80 p. [9818]
33. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1950. Southwestern trees: A guide to the native
species of New Mexico and Arizona. Agriculture Handbook No. 9.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 109 p.
[20330]
34. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1975. Rare and local conifers in the United
States. Conservation Research Rep. No. 19. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 25 p. [15691]
35. Lowe, Charles H., Jr. 1961. Biotic communities in the sub-Mogollon
region of the inland Southwest. Arizona Academy of Science Journal. 2:
40-49. [20379]
36. Marshall, Joe T., Jr. 1963. Fire and birds in the mountains of southern
Arizona. In: Proceedings, 2nd annual Tall Timbers fire ecology
conference; 1963 March 14-15; Tallahassee, FL. Tallahassee, FL: Tall
Timbers Research Station: 135-141. [18998]
37. McPherson, Guy R. 1992. Ecology of oak woodlands in Arizona. In:
Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Bennett, Duane A.; [and
others], technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and
associated woodlands: perspectives in the sw United States & n Mexico:
Proceedings; 1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 24-33. [19737]
38. Mirov, N. T. 1961. Composition of gum turpentines of pines. Tech. Bull.
No. 1239. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 158 p. [22164]
39. Moir, W. H. 1983. A series vegetation classification for Region 3. In:
Moir, W. H.; Hendzel, Leonard, tech. coords. Proceedings of the workshop
on Southwestern habitat types; 1983 April 6-8; Albuquerque, NM.
Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southwestern Region: 91-95. [1672]
40. Muldavin, Esteban H.; DeVelice, Robert L. 1987. A forest habitat type
classification of southern Arizona and its relationship to forests of
the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. In: Aldon, Earl F.; Gonzales
Vicente, Carlos E.; Moir, William H., technical coordinators. Strategies
for classification and management of native vegetation for food
production in arid zones: Proceedings; 1987 October 12-16; Tucson, AZ.
Gen, Tech. Rep. RM-150. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station: 24-31. [2728]
41. Parker, Albert J. 1980. Site preferences and community characteristics
of Cupressus arizonica Greene (Cupressaceae) in southeastern Arizona.
Southwestern Naturalist. 25(1): 9-22. [20418]
42. Peattie, D. C. 1953. A natural history of western trees. Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Co. 751 p. [19269]
43. Peloquin, R. L. 1971. Variation and hybridization patterns in Pinus
ponderosa and Pinus engelmannii. Santa Barbara, CA: University of
California at Santa Barbara. 196 p. Dissertation. [20319]
44. Peloquin, R. L. 1984. The identification of three-species hybrids in the
ponderosa pine complex. Southwestern Naturalist. 29(1): 115-122.
[20320]
45. Perry, Jesse P., Jr. 1991. The pines of Mexico and Central America.
Portland, OR: Timber Press. 231 p. [20328]
46. Preston, Richard J., Jr. 1948. North American trees. Ames, IA: The Iowa
State College Press. 371 p. [1913]
47. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
48. Reeves, Timothy. 1976. Vegetation and flora of Chiricahua National
Monument, Cochise County, Arizona. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
180 p. Thesis. [20385]
49. Rehfeldt, Gerald E. 1993. Genetic variation in the Ponderosae of the
Southwest. American Journal of Botany. 80(3): 330-343. [20877]
50. Schopmeyer, C. S., tech. coord. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the
United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 883 p. [2088]
51. Silen, Roy R.; Olson, Donald L. 1992. A pioneer exotic tree search for
the Douglas-fir region. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-298. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station. 44 p. [21668]
52. Silvertown, Jonathan W. 1980. The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding
in trees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 14: 235-250.
[10729]
53. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
54. Swetnam, Thomas W.; Baisan, Christopher H.; Brown, Peter M.; Caprio,
Anthony C. 1989. Fire history of Rhyolite Canyon, Chiricahua National
Monument. Tech. Rep. No. 32. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, School
of Renewable Natural Resources, Cooperative National Park Resources
Studies Unit. 47 p. [10573]
55. Swetnam, Thomas W.; Baisan, Christopher H.; Caprio, Anthony C.; Brown,
Peter M. 1992. Fire history in a Mexcian oak-pine woodland and adjacent
montane conifer gallery forest in southeastern Arizona. In: Ffolliott,
Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Bennett, Duane A.; [and others],
technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated
woodlands: perspectives in the sw United States & n Mexico: Proceedings;
1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort
Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 165-173. [19759]
56. Szaro, Robert C. 1989. Riparian forest and scrubland community types of
Arizona and New Mexico. Desert Plants. 9(3-4): 70-138. [604]
57. Tomback, Diana F.; Linhart, Yan B. 1990. The evolution of bird-dispersed
pines. Evolutionary Ecology. 4: 185-219. [17534]
58. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
59. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States,
their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240]
60. Villa-Salas, Avelino B.; Manon-Garibay, A. Cecilia. 1980. Multiresource
management research in northern Sonora. In: IUFRO/MAB conference:
research on multiple use of forest resources: Proceedings; 1980 May
18-23; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-25. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 20-25. [15925]
61. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest.
Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
62. Yeaton, Richard I.; Yeaton, Robin, W.; Waggoner, John P., III. 1983.
Changes in morphological characteristics of Pinus engelmannii over an
elevational gradient in Durango, Mexico. Madrono. 30(3): 168-175.
[22560]
FEIS Home Page
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/pineng/all.html
