Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
Introductory
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Hesperocyparis arizonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/hesari/all.html [].
Revisions:
17 October 2013: Scientific name changed from Cupressus arizonica
to Hesperocyparis arizonica; references 73-76 added.
ABBREVIATION :
HESARI
SYNONYMS :
Cupressus arizonica Greene [33,75]
Cupressus arizonica Greene subsp. arizonica
Cupressus arizonica var. bonita Lemm.
Cupressus arizonica var. glabra [33]
Callitropsis arizonica (Greene) D.P. Little [76]
Neocupressus arizonica (Greene) de Laub. [74]
NRCS PLANT CODE :
HEAR22
COMMON NAMES :
Arizona cypress
Arizona rough cypress
rough-bark cypress
smooth-bark cypress
cedro
cedro blanco
cedro de la Sierra
pinobete
TAXONOMY :
The accepted scientific name for Arizona cypress is Hesperocyparis
arizonica (Greene) Bartel (Cupressaceae) [61,73].
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
None [62]
OTHER STATUS :
Information on state- and province-level protection status of plants in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe.
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Arizona cypress has a restricted range in the southwestern United
States. The typical variety is local in mountain canyons from
Trans-Pecos Texas (Chisos Mountains) to southwestern New Mexico and
southeastern Arizona. Arizona cypress is best developed in Mexico, from
northeastern Sonora south to Durango and east to Coahuila, Zacatecas,
and Tamaulipas [31,33]. It is cultivated in Hawaii [72].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
STATES :
AZ CA HI NM TX MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
7 Lower Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K033 Chaparral
SAF COVER TYPES :
235 Cottonwood - willow
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Arizona cypress is a common but scattered component of canyon riparian
associations [7,14]. These interior, mixed-broadleaf communities
comprise a variety of typical riparian species that include Arizona
sycamore (Platanus wrightii), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica),
cottonwoods (Populus fremontii, P. angustifolia), box elder (Acer
negundo), Arizona alder (Alnus oblongifolia), bigtooth maple (Acer
grandidentatum), and Arizona walnut (Juglans major) [7,55,67].
Carmichael and others [70] have described an Arizona cypress-shrub live
oak (Quercus turbinella) association. Arizona cypress is also a
frequent codominant with alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), pinyons
(Pinus cembroides and P. edulis), and a number of oaks including
silverleaf oak (Q. hypoleucoides), netleaf oak (Q. reticulata), and
Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica) [46]. In Cochise County, Arizona,
Arizona cypress is co- or subdominant in oak woodlands that include
Emory oak (Quercus emoryi), Mexican blue oak (Q. oblongifolia), Toumey
oak (Q. toumeyi), oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), and Arizona
madrone (Arbutus arizonica), in addition to the aforementioned oaks and
junipers [10]. Arizona cypress is progressively more restricted to
riparian habitats at lower elevations where the woodland zone grades
into the shrub-dominated desert and semidesert vegetation types [46].
Arizona cypress is also found in stands at higher elevations, mixed with
other conifers including Arizona pine (Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica),
Apache pine (P. engelmannii), Chihuahua pine (P. leiophylla var.
chihuahuana), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [46].
In pure stands, Arizona cypress often forms closed canopies that
preclude the occurrence of understory species over considerable portions
of the stand [7,14]. Shrub associates along canyon bottoms and lower
slopes include skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), mountain-mahogany
(Cercocarpus spp.), New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana), cliff
fendlerbush (Fendlera rupicola), indigobush (Dalea formosa),
mountainbalm (Eriodictyon angustifolium), and buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.).
On drier sites, understory species include sugar sumac (Rhus ovata),
desert ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii), pringle manzanita (Arctostaphylos
pringlei), and pointleaf manzanita (A. pungens) [7,14].
Publications listing Arizona cypress or its varieties as dominant or
codominant include the following:
A digitized computer-compatible classification for natural and potential
vegetation in the Southwest with particular reference to Arizona [6]
Plants of the Arizona chaparral [25]
Preliminary classification for the coniferous forest and woodland series
of Arizona and New Mexico [29]
Biotic communities in the Sub-Mogollon region of the inland Southwest [36]
Forest and woodland vegetation monitoring, Chisos Mountains, Big Bend
National Park: baseline 1978 [38]
A series vegetation classification for Region 3 [40]
Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains: community types and dynamics[44]
Riparian forest and community types of Arizona and New Mexico [54]
Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: a gradient analysis
of the south slope [67]
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
The wood of Arizona cypress is light, moderately soft, close-grained,
and has a specific gravity of 0.48. The wood is durable when seasoned
properly [64]. It is suitable for sashes, doors, and blinds [24].
There are not enough large, accessible populations of Arizona cypress to
make it commercially important, though it is sometimes cut locally for
rough construction and fenceposts [24].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Rodents consume cypress seeds [1].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Arizona cypress is sometimes planted on disturbed sites for erosion
control [64]. Direct seeding is slightly better than transplanting for
successful establishment. Arizona cypress's ability to stabilize soil
and adapt to disturbed areas is rated as moderate; it is suitable for
either acidic or alkaline soils [48]. Everett and others [13] reported
that Arizona cypress had low survival (40 percent) when planted for
revegetation of mine spoils in central California, where frost heaving
was a problem.
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Arizona cypress is valued as an ornamental. It is also planted for
windbreaks [64] and is cultivated for Christmas trees [22].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
The limited distribution of Arizona cypress varieties in the United
States has raised concerns about the risk of its extinction [68]. Posey
and Goggans [49] reported that they observed little Arizona cypress
reproduction anywhere in the Southwest (no specific data, however) and
were concerned that a low reproductive rate may threaten the existence
of the species.
Natural stands of Arizona cypress in Texas occur only in Big Bend
National Park and are therefore protected from logging and most other
disturbances. Groves in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New
Mexico all occur on public lands; some are in National Monuments where
they are protected [32]. Wolf [68] suggested that it is feasible to
set all areas occupied by Arizona cypress varieties aside as reserves,
eliminate excessive cutting and grazing, and protect the stands from fire.
Arizona cypress is easily cultivated, which could help protect it
against extinction by fire or other disturbance [32]. It can be
propagated by cuttings or veneer grafting [64].
Seedlings are susceptible to damping-off fungi [22]. Arizona cypress may
be infected by Phoradendron juniperinum ssp. juniperum. Cypress canker
attacks most species of cypress [22].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Arizona cypress is a native, evergreen tree. In Arizona, it usually
grows 40 to 50 feet (12-15 m) tall but may be as tall as 90 feet (27 m).
Arizona cypress has a diameter of to 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9 m) with a
maximum of 5.5 feet (1.6 m) [24]. In Texas, Arizona cypress usually is
less than 33 feet (10 m) tall but may reach 82 feet (25 m) in height,
and is usually 20 inches (50 cm) or less in diameter [9]. The short,
stout horizontal branches form a dense, conical or narrowly pyramidal
crown, which may sometimes be broad and flat [64]. The trunk either
branches near the ground or is well developed and branch-free for some
length [24]. The largest trees are seldom more than 700 years old [64].
Two stands examined for age structure in southeastern Arizona had
individuals ranging in age from approximately 25 to 178.1 years and
from 197.6 to 456.7 years [46].
The leaves are all small and scalelike. The ovulate cones are globose,
with woody, separating scales [24]. In young trees, the bark breaks
into thin, large, irregular scales. On older trunks and branches the
bark is longitudinally furrowed, fibrous, and shreddy [24,64]. The bark is
smooth and exfoliating [42].
A well-defined taproot and numerous lateral roots are formed the first
year [22].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Arizona cypress reproduces exclusively from seed. Mature cones have
been observed on 14-year-old individuals, indicating that sexual maturity
occurred sometime previous [66]. Ovulate cones are usually abundant each
year and contain from 48 to 112 seeds each [64]. The cones are closed;
they persist on the tree until opened by the heat of a fire or desiccation
due to age [22,65]. Seeds are shed gradually over several months after the
cones are opened by heat [66]. Detached cones will open, but they rarely
result in seedling establishment, usually due to the lack of a suitable
seedbed [1]. Seeds do not appear to have innate dormancy; they remain
viable for a number of years in unopened cones and germinate when
moistened [64].
Arizona cypress requires bare mineral soil for germination and seedling
establishment, which gives it a competitive advantage over the dominant
plants of adjacent communities. The presence of a litter layer reduces
germination; 10 percent of seeds germinated on bare mineral soil, but
only 3.7 percent germinated on litter-covered substrate [5,46].
Seedlings are sensitive to excessive moisture [68].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Arizona cypress occurs in the southwestern United States where the mean
annual precipitation is approximately 16 to 24 inches (400-600 mm).
Precipitation is bimodally distributed; relatively wet in summer and
winter, and dry in the spring and fall [7].
Arizona cypress grows in dry, well-drained soils on cool sites [5,64].
Arizona cypress is usually characterized as a moisture-demanding species
of riparian habitats [6,68]. However, recent findings show that Arizona
cypress can occupy relatively xeric sites, including south-facing
slopes, ridge tops, and convex slopes at higher elevations (around 6,600
feet [2,000 m]). Arizona cypress occurs in relatively pure, dense
groves of smaller trees on most canyon side slopes and is relatively
less important and represented by fewer, larger individuals in riparian
stands [47]. The Arizona cypress-shrub live oak association is found on
wet, north slopes and generally occurs on the upper portions of slopes,
on soils derived from slate, schist, limestone, and granite parent
materials [7].
Arizona cypress is generally found at elevations from 3,000 to 8,000
feet (900-2,400 m) on gravelly slopes or cuts with northern exposure
[64].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative seral species
The successional status of Arizona cypress is unclear. Arizona cypress
communities are considered a topo-edaphic climax in southeastern and
central Arizona [14,29]. However, cypress seedlings are shade
intolerant and survive best in full sunlight on bare mineral soils [66].
Parker [46] studied the age structure of a number of Arizona cypress
communities and concluded that Arizona cypress is an intolerant species
that requires disturbance to expose mineral soils for seedling
establishment. He designated Arizona cypress a "pseudoclimax" species.
The term "pseudoclimax" indicates that stands appear to be climax but
are eventually replaced by more tolerant species. Arizona cypress
continues to establish on disturbed sites for 50 to 100 years, thus
establishing an apparently climax population with a number of age
classes. Recent studies, however, indicate a paucity of seedlings under
these stands, which would indicate that the stands are susceptible to
replacement by other species [12,46,47,49,54].
Alternatively, the lack of regeneration in these stands can be
interepreted as resulting from fire exclusion and the absence of
suitable sites for regeneration; Arizona cypress may therefore be
considered a fire climax. Parker [46] pointed out that Arizona cypress
seedlings established on sites that had been disturbed by logging. Moir
[39] reported good regeneration in Texas, where there had been fire as
recently as 1944, and he estimated that recruitment is approximately
equal to mortality in an Arizona cypress/Chisos bluegrass (Poa involuta)
habitat type and in Arizona cypress/bigtooth maple habitats as well.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Both the pistillate and staminate cones of Arizona cypress emerge in
spring [64]. Pollen is shed in October and November by Arizona cypress
in Placerville, California (cultivated outside its native range) [22].
Ovulate cones remain closed until opened by heat or age [68].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Arizona cypress is the least fire-tolerant of all trees and shrubs in
the Arizona chaparral zone [69].
The serotinous cones of Arizona cypress persist on the tree for years.
When opened by the heat of a fire, the seeds fall on the exposed mineral
soil, producing thickets of seedlings [68].
Fire history: Fire regimes in Arizona cypress communities vary greatly
in frequency and severity, and are difficult to determine
dendrochronologically because Arizona cypress tends to produce false
annual rings. In Arizona chaparral habitats adjacent to Arizona cypress
stands, both wildfires and prescribed fires are frequent [11]. Swetnam
and others [57] determined that the fire history of Chirichua National
Monument for the past 300 years consisted of large surface fires that
burned most or all of Rhyolite canyon at 9- to 22-year intervals. This
canyon consists of mixed conifer forests and oak woodlands. Relict
conifer forests dominated by Arizona cypress occur on canyon bottoms at
low to middle elevations [52]. The community in Rhyolite Canyon was
comparatively isolated from fires occurring in the surrounding community
types [43]. In this area, the fire season occurs in late spring and
early summer, during the hot, dry weather that occurs before the summer
rains [57].
Marshall [37] noted a difference in physiognomy between the pine-oak
woodlands in Mexico, where fires are not suppressed, and those in the
United States, where fire suppression is sophisticated and efficient.
He described open woodlands with grassy understories in Mexico; in the
United States, comparable woodlands are stunted, with heavy fuel
accumulations and little grass. Fires that do occur in these woodlands
tend to be severe and kill most of the understory and overstory plants.
A well-developed population of Arizona cypress occurs in Boot Canyon, in
the Chisos Mountains of Texas (Big Bend National Park). The fire
history here was also difficult to determine. Moir [39] estimated that
there had been at least 10 fires between 1770 and 1940, at intervals
from 9 to 60 or more years. He suspected that he had substantially
underestimated the number of fires, and that many of the fires were
low-intensity surface fires that left no scar records.
The southern California populations occur in areas that have more
frequent fires and have more prolonged summer drought [65]. Such frequent
fires as occur in chaparral could destroy cypress groves completely by
eliminating young trees before they reached cone-producing age. In this
area, the majority of cypress fires occur in the fall [1]. Strong winds
and low humidities commonly accompany or follow these fires [26]. This
ensures maximum cone opening; ejection of seeds from the suspended, opened
cones; and widespread dispersal [65].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Low-intensity surface fires are lethal to Arizona cypress with stem
diameters less than 4 inches (10 cm) [47]. Larger trees are also not
very resistant to fire [66].
A simulated exposure of cones to canopy fire conditions reduced
germination success but did not kill all seeds. Cones open as the resin
melts and boils. Rapid charring of the thick cone scales extinguishes
the flames, leaving seeds unburned (Armstrong in [66]). Surface fires
kill all seeds in cones on the forest floor [46].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
Historically, fires in Arizona cypress groves were patchy, resulting in
a mosaic of different-aged stands of uniform height and density [1].
Patchy surface fires would probably leave some seedling and sapling
stands untouched, and thus able to survive to fire-resistent heights
[39].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Arizona cypress likely establishes from seed after fire. A small grove
of Arizona cypress was reduced from three trees to one by a September
wildfire. However, 40 seedlings were produced the following year, and
the total acreage occupied by Arizona cypress was unchanged [21].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Fire plays a necessary but delicately balanced role in cypress life
history. Too frequent fires can destroy a grove, but elimination of
fire may lead to its extinction [1].
Moir [40] has suggested that low-intensity surface fires at up to 50- to
60-year intervals will help keep Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides)
thickets from developing and excluding Arizona cypress. A fire-return
interval of more 80 years will allow fuel build-up and produce a shift
in dominance patterns from those species that are maintained by
recurrent fire.
Arizona cypress was used to sample for live fuel moisture values, and
can can be used as an indicator of fire behavior [53]. The moisture
content (measured as the weight of water to the total dry weight) for
Arizona cypress sampled in November ranged from 84 to 123 percent and
averaged 96 percent. This is considered relatively dry and was the
lowest of sample species. The author concluded that the potential for
crowning is great in Arizona cypress, especially when the dry branches
are low in the crown. Arizona cypress does tend to have a "ladder-fuel"
branching habit, with many branches hanging low to the ground [53].
In the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park, Texas, downed woody
fuels totalled 15.44 tons per acre (34.7 T/ha), with a litter layer
continuous enough to carry fire [12].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Hesperocyparis arizonica
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