Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
Introductory
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Diospyros texana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/diotex/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
DIOTEX
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
DITE3
COMMON NAMES :
Texas persimmon
Mexican persimmon
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for Texas persimmon is Diospyros
texana Scheele (Ebenaceae) [25,30,33,34]. There are no currently
accepted infrataxa.
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Texas persimmon is endemic to southern and central Texas and northern
Mexico. In Texas, it occurs in the Rio Grande Plains, Edwards Plateau,
and the southeastern corner of the Trans-Pecos region. In Mexico, Texas
persimmon occurs in the northern portions of Neuvo Leon, Coahuila, and
Tamaulipas [25,30,33,34]. It may also occur in the extreme northeastern
corner of Chihuahua [25].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES38 Plains grasslands
STATES :
TX MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
K062 Mesquite - live oak savanna
K085 Mesquite - buffalograss
K086 Juniper - oak savanna
K087 Mesquite - oak savanna
SAF COVER TYPES :
68 Mesquite
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Texas persimmon is a common component in many mature riparian and woody
upland communities [40]. On floodplain terraces Texas persimmon is a
characteristic component of riparian forests which are dominated or
codominated by live oak (Quercus virginiana), netleaf hackberry (Celtis
reticulata), sugarberry (C. laevigata), pecan (Carya illinoensis),
cedar-elm (Ulmus crassifolia), western soapberry (Sapindus saponaria
var. drummondii), great leucaena (Leucaena pulverulenta), and ash
(Fraxinus spp.) [13,36,43,48,49]. Associate understory species include
granjeno (Celtis pallida), huisache (Acacia farnesiana), and lime
pricklyash (Zanthoxylum fagara) [27,43].
In the Cedar Breaks region of the Edwards Plateau, Texas persimmon
occurs in scrub evergreen forests with Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei),
mescalbean sophora (Sophora secundiflora), and Texas live oak (Quercus
virginiana var. fusiformis) [39].
In invading thorn woodlands on former grassland sites, Texas persimmon
occurs with Texas prickly pear (Opuntia lindheimeri), lime pricklyash,
granjeno, lotebush (Condalia obovata), agarito (Mahonia trifoliolata),
and blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidula) [3,7,15]. On the Rio Grande
Plains, Texas persimmon occurs in a honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa
var. glandulosa)-mixed brush shrubland community and in a honey
mesquite/bristlegrass (Setaria spp.)/forb woodland [17].
Texas persimmon may become codominant in the netleaf hackberry-huisache
association and the honey mesquite-granjeno association [27].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
Texas persimmon wood is black, hard, and heavy. It takes a high polish
and is used for tools, engraving blocks, and art work [30,34,41].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Wildlife use Texas persimmon for food, shelter, and cover. Coyote,
raccoon, ringtail, foxes, and other mammals and birds eat the fruit
[1,14]. Spanish goats consume large amounts of Texas persimmon foliage
[22]. White-tailed deer browse the foliage lightly [11,19].
In brushy habitats Texas persimmon and other woody species form a tall
overlapping canopy which produces thermal, hiding, and escape cover for
white-tailed deer [47].
PALATABILITY :
Texas persimmon browse is of low preference to white-tailed deer [4].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Dry-weight Texas persimmon browse averages 14 percent protein, 0.25
percent phosphorus, 1.55 percent potassium, 2.46 percent calcium, 0.64
percent magnesium, and 0.08 percent sodium [19]. The browse has medium
food value for white-tailed deer [11].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Container-grown Texas persimmon was planted with other native species on
a borrow pit reclamation site in central Texas. The exposed subsoil and
sandstone was covered with 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) of topsoil before
planting. Eighty percent of the woody transplants survived the first
summer and winter [26].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Texas persimmon fruit is edible and used in puddings and custards. The
fruit pulp produces an indelible black stain. Mexicans use it to dye
animal hides [30,34,41].
Texas persimmon is used for landscaping [33].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Texas persimmon is one of many woody species that has contributed to
brush problems on Texas rangeland. With overgrazing, drought, increased
seed dispersal, and decreased fire frequency, woody species have
expanded from lowlands onto uplands. Managers are concerned with the
corresponding decrease in grass forage and are experimenting with
methods for controlling brush [9].
Double chaining is an effective means of opening up dense stands of
scrub oak (Quercus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) communities which
contain Texas persimmon. In a study on the Edwards Plateau, brush
canopy was 80 percent lower on treated than untreated brush stands 1
year after double chaining [32]. Mechanical brush removal followed by
prescribed fire is the most effective brush control method (See FIRE
MANAGEMENT) [8,9].
Texas persimmon is generally resistant to herbicides. Texas persimmon
was only slightly susceptible to soil application of picloram pellets
[23]. Canopy reductions of Texas persimmon after aerial application of
picloram and 2,4,5,-T are described [6].
Spanish goats can be used to control brush. Optimum goat stocking
densities and management are described [22].
Bryant and Kothmann [12] estimated Texas persimmon browse biomass using
regression equations with crown volume and weight relationships.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Texas persimmon is a small, native, dioecious tree with smooth, peeling
bark [30,41]. Texas persimmon leaves are generally deciduous at the
northern edge of its range but become persistent further south [33].
Texas persimmon generally grows to about 10 feet (3 m) in height, but
may grow to 40 feet (12 m) on good sites [33]. The three- to
eight-seeded fruit is about 0.8 inches (2 cm) in diameter [30,41].
Several characteristics enable Texas persimmon to survive in semiarid
environments. The broad upwardly inclined leaves and smooth bark with
low water retention serve to funnel rainwater down the stems. Stemflow
volume of Texas persimmon is 5.6 percent of the total precipitation over
the crown of the tree [29]. In addition, the leaves are sclerophyllous
and drought deciduous [45].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Texas persimmon regenerates by vegetative reproduction and seed.
Five- to six-year-old individuals may begin producing fruit [33]. The
seeds are dispersed by animals. In a study on the Edwards Plateau, more
than 90 percent of carnivore feces collected between September and
November contained Texas persimmon seeds. The study did not include
data on herbivores. Seeds are not destroyed by mastication or
digestion [14].
Texas persimmon seeds washed free of fruit pulp germinate readily, but
seeds covered with intact fruit do not. The fruit apparently contains
an inhibitor. Texas persimmon fruit pulp inhibited the root growth of
germinating honey mesquite [28].
Texas persimmon seeds are nondormant. Laboratory acid treatments are
detrimental to germination [18,38,42]. Seeds germinate anytime that
soils are moist. In wet years fall germination is followed by slow
winter growth and increased growth in the spring. In dry years seeds
do not germinate until the next wet season, usually the following spring
[38]. Viability is not reduced after 2 years in storage [18].
Germination rates are generally high (50-90%) [18,38,42]. Germination
rates in excess of 90 percent occur when temperatures are between 68 and
86 degrees Fahrenheit (20 and 30 deg C), but rates drop considerably at
lower temperatures. Germination occurs equally well in light and dark
conditions [18]. The germination rate after scarification with coarse
sandpaper for 2 minutes was 77 percent, higher than the unscarified
control seeds at 55 percent [42].
Seedlings are not dependent on soil cover for establishment, but highest
emergence (73%) and 60-day height growth [8.2 inches (20.8 cm)]
occurred when seeds were covered with 0.4 inch (1 cm) of soil. Soil
depths of 0.8 to 2.8 inches (2-7 cm) did not severely restrict emergence
and height growth [18].
Texas persimmon grows slowly; it reaches 2.0 to 3.6 feet (0.6-1.1 m) in
height after 5 years [44].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Texas persimmon occurs on semiarid sites including rocky north slopes,
arroyos, ravines, and upper floodplain terraces [30,41]. In drier
regions, it is confined to canyon sites [10]. Texas persimmon grows on
a variety of soil types including calcareous soils [30,41], clays, and
fine sandy loams [2,7]. It occurs from 1,100 to 5,700 feet (300-1,700 m)
elevation [30].
The climate in southern Texas and northern Mexico is subtropical with
warm winters and hot humid summers. Rainfall is bimodal, peaking in the
spring and fall [2].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Texas persimmon is shade tolerant [38]. It is an important species in
mature woodlands [39]. Seedlings grow as well in 50 percent shade as in
full sunlight [38]. There are 150 to 700 Texas persimmon per hectare in
deciduous and evergreen woodlands in the southeastern portion of the
Edwards Plateau. About 80 percent are between 0.4 and 2.0 inches (1-5
cm) in diameter at ground level, indicating recent recruitment into the
population or suppressed growth [38,39,40].
During the past century brush has invaded the savannas and grasslands of
Texas; woody cover increased an estimated 16 to 36 percent between 1941
and 1983. Honey mesquite generally invades first, then serves as a
focus for wildlife which disseminate the seeds of other woody species.
Clusters of brush develop and stabilize. Texas persimmon attains 50
percent frequency in brush clusters that are 86 to 118 square feet (8-11
sq m) about 30 to 40 years after the initial honey mesquite invasion.
Texas persimmon occurs frequently in brush clusters that contain at
least four to six woody species [2,3].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Texas persimmon flowers from February to June [30]. Fruits mature in
August and September [38].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
It is likely that Texas persimmon cannot persist in communities with
high fire frequency. However, the sprouting ability of Texas persimmon
enables it to survive occasional fire.
Texas persimmon historically occurred in areas such as lowlands,
floodplains, and arroyos, which did not experience fire as frequently as
the upland prairies. As fire frequency in the prairies was reduced
during the past century, Texas persimmon expanded into the uplands with
other woody species. Drought, overgrazing, and seed dispersal by
livestock which range further into uplands due to artificial watering
holes also enhanced the spread of woody species onto grasslands.
However, the reduced frequency of prairie fires played a major role in
upsetting the equilibrium between grass and brush [7,46].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire top-kills mature Texas persimmon. A greater fuel load results in
more top-kill, especially in individuals less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) basal
diameter [46]. Fire may completely kill Texas persimmon, especially
smaller individuals [8].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Texas persimmon sprouts from the root crown when top-killed by fire
[8,16]. One year after fire in a chaparral-mixed grass community in the
Welder Wildlife Refuge, surviving Texas persimmon had sprouted and was
growing vigorously [16].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Managers use fire in combination with mechanical methods to control and
remove brush from grasslands. On a loam prairie site in Goliad County,
Texas persimmon decreased as much as 68 percent with mechanical
treatment combinations followed by 2 consecutive years of August fires.
Treatment combinations included roller chopping followed by 2
consecutive years of shredding, and roller chopping, shredding, and
herbicide spraying while shredding [15].
On the Welder Wildlife Refuge in southern Texas, mechanical brush
removal treatments followed by fall fire 2 years later was applied to a
chaparral-bristlegrass community. Fires were more effective at brush
control if the area had been pretreated with mechanical brush removal.
Plots with mechanical removal (chopped, scalped with a bulldozer, or
shredded with a rotary mower) burned uniformly because of available
fuel. In plots with no mechanical pretreatment, fire carried in the
grass and into small brush clumps, but large brush mottes remained
unburned. On burned plots, 10 percent of Texas persimmon, mostly small
plants, were completely killed; the remainder were top-killed but
sprouted from the root crown. At postfire year 1, Texas persimmon
average percent frequency for unburned (but mechanically treated) plots
was 19 percent and for pretreated burned plots was 10 percent [8].
FIRE CASE STUDY
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION :
Carey, Jennifer H., compiler. 1994. Fire temperatures and the effect of burning on
Texas persimmon on the Welder Wildlife Refuge, south Texas. In: Diospyros
texana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences
Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov
/database/feis/ [].
REFERENCE :
White, Richard S. 1969. Fire temperatures and the effect of burning on
south Texas brush communities. Lubbock, TX: Texas Technological College.
74 p. Thesis. [46].
SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
Spring/variable severity
STUDY LOCATION :
The study was conducted on the Welder Wildlife Refuge in San Patricio
County, Texas, about 20 miles (32 km) north of Corpus Christi.
PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
Two plant communities are present in the study area:
chaparral-bristlegrass (Setaria spp.) and honey mesquite (Prosopis
glandulosa var. glandulosa)-buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides).
Collectively, these communities are dominated by leguminous shrubs
interspersed with grasses. Honey mesquite and huisache (Acacia
farnesiana) dominate the shrub layer, and seacoast bluestem
(Schizachyrium scoparium var. littoralis) is the most abundant
graminoid.
TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
At the time of the fire, Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana) was
semidormant. A few old leaves were present on some plants. Two weeks
after the fire, leaf buds began to open on unburned plots.
SITE DESCRIPTION :
The study is located on the Gulf Coastal Plain so presumably the
topography is flat or rolling. The soil is a clay in the Vertisols
order. The climate is subtropical; rainfall averages 30 inches (760 mm)
a year.
FIRE DESCRIPTION :
The 10-acre (4 ha) study site was divided into four subplots; one was
burned on March 8 and the remaining three on March 12. Fire weather and
site conditions for the March 8 fire were as follows: air temperature
60 degrees Fahrenheit (16 deg C), relative humidity 90 percent, wind
velocity 10 miles per hour (16 k/h), soil moisture 40 percent, and
herbaceous fuel moisture 9 percent. Conditions for the March 12 fire
were as follows: air temperature 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 deg C),
relative humidity 45 percent, wind velocity 20 to 30 miles per hour
(32-48 k/h), soil moisture 37 percent, and herbaceous fuel moisture 7
percent. Both fires were wind driven. The March 12 fire was hotter
than the March 8 fire primarily because of lower humidity and higher
wind velocity.
Forty to fifty percent of the study site did not burn. Fire carried
well through the tall seacoast bluestem but burned poorly in areas
dominated by shorter grasses. Surface temperatures during the fires
were extremely variable. Maximum surface temperatures ranged from 480
to 1,350 degrees Fahrenheit (249-732 deg C). Temperature showed a weak
(P<0.10) correlation with fuel quantity. Flame height was about 7 feet
(2.1 m) on March 8 and 8 feet (2.4 m) on March 12.
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
Although 50 Texas persimmon plants were originally tagged for postfire
study, only 17 plants were analyzed because of incomplete burning.
Percent partial and complete top-kill of Texas persimmon at different
fuel loads follows:
Fuel Partial Top-kill Complete Top-kill
(lbs/acre) (percent) (percent)
0-2,000 67 33
2,000-4,000 25 75
> 4,000 0 100
Regardless of fuel load, no Texas persimmon was completely killed.
Fire damage to Texas persimmon was inversely related to its size when
fuel loads were less than 2,000 lbs per acre. Of six individuals less
than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in basal diameter, three individuals were partially
top-killed and three were completely top-killed. Of six individuals
greater than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in basal diameter, five were partially
top-killed and only one was completely top-killed.
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
Spring fire was effective at top-killing Texas persimmon, but did not
result in mortality. For useful brush control, fire must be applied a
number of times over a period of years. To achieve maximum results,
fire should be prescribed when the plants are young and the fuel load is
high.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Diospyros texana
REFERENCES :
1. Andelt, William F.; Kie, John G.; Knowlton, Frederick F.; Cardwell,
Dean. 1987. Variation in coyote diets associated with season and
successional changes in vegetation. Journal of Wildlife Management.
51(2): 273-277. [19860]
2. Archer, Steve. 1989. Have southern Texas savannas been converted to
woodlands in recent history?. American Naturalist. 134(4): 545-561.
[10069]
3. Archer, Steve; Scifres, Charles; Bassham, C. R.; Maggio, Robert. 1988.
Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland
to thorn woodland. Ecological Monographs. 58(2): 111-127. [10070]
4. Armstrong, W. E. 1980. Impact of prescribed burning on wildlife. In:
White, Larry D., ed. Prescribed range burning in the Edwards Plateau of
Texas: Proceedings of a symposium; 1980 October 23; Junction, TX.
College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Extension Service, The Texas A&M
University System: 22-26. [11430]
5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
6. Bovey, R. W.; Baur, J. R.; Morton, H. L. 1970. Control of huisache and
associated woody species in south Texas. Journal of Range Management.
23(1): 47-50. [10289]
7. Box, Thadis W. 1967. Brush, fire, and west Texas rangeland. In:
Proceedings, 6th annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1967 March
6-7; Tallahassee, FL. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station:
7-19. [3323]
8. Box, Thadis W.; Powell, Jeff; Drawe, D. Lynn. 1967. Influence of fire on
south Texas chaparral communities. Ecology. 48(6): 955-961. [499]
9. Box, Thadis W.; White, Richard S. 1969. Fall and winter burning of south
Texas brush ranges. Journal of Range Management. 22(6): 373-376.
[11438]
10. Bryant, Vaughn B., Jr. 1974. Late quaternary pollen records from the
east-central periphery of the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Wauer, Roland H.;
Riskind, David H., eds. Transactions of the symposium on the biological
resources of the Chihuahuan Desert region, United States and Mexico;
1974 October 17-18; Alpine, TX. Transactions and Proceedings Series No.
3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service: 3-21. [16055]
11. Bryant, Fred C.; Demarais, Steve. 1991. Habitat management guidelines
for whte-tailed deer in south and west Texas. In: Lutz, R. Scott;
Wester, David B., editors. Research highlights--1991: Noxious brush and
weed control; range and wildlife management. Volume 22. Lubbock, TX:
Texas Tech University, College of Agricultural Sciences: 9-13. [18350]
12. Bryant, F. C.; Kothmann, M. M. 1979. Variability in predicting edible
browse from crown volume. Journal of Range Management. 32(2): 144-146.
[10292]
13. Bush, J. K.; Van Auken, O. W. 1984. Woody species composition of the
upper San Antonio River gallery forest. Texas Journal of Science.
36(2&3): 139-148. [12481]
14. Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe; Slack, R. Douglas. 1993. Carnivore fruit-use and
seed dispersal of two selected plant species of the Edwards Plateau,
Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. 38(2): 141-145. [22964]
15. Dodd, J. D.; Holtz, S. T. 1972. Integration of burning with mechanical
manipulation of south Texas grassland. Journal of Range Management.
25(2): 130-136. [10732]
16. Drawe, D. Lynn. 1980. The role of fire in the Coastal Prairie. In:
Hanselka, C. Wayne, ed. Prescribed range burning in the coastal prairie
and eastern Rio Grande Plains of Texas: Proceedings of a symposium; 1980
October 16; Kingsville, TX. College Station, TX: The Texas A&M
University System, Texas Agricultural Extension Service: 101-113.
[11455]
17. Drawe, D. Lynn; Higginbotham, Ira, Jr. 1980. Plant communities of the
Zachry Ranch in the south Texas plains. Texas Journal of Science. 32:
319-332. [10858]
18. Everitt, J. H. 1984. Germination of Texas persimmon seed. Journal of
Range Management. 37(2): 189-192. [22962]
19. Everitt, J. H.; Gonzalez, C. L. 1979. Botanical composition and nutrient
content of fall and early winter diets of white-tailed deer in south
Texas. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(2): 297-310. [12982]
20. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
21. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
22. Hanselka, C. Wayne; Paschal, Joe C. 1992. Brush utilization on the Rio
Grande Plains. Rangelands. 14(3): 169-171. [18655]
23. Kitchen, Lynn M.; Scifres, C. J.; Mutz, J. L. 1980. Susceptibility of
selected woody plants to pelleted picloram. Journal of Range Management.
33(5): 349-353. [10287]
24. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
25. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native
and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952]
26. Mahler, David. 1991. Power plant borrow pit restored for wildlife use.
Restoration & Management Notes. 9(1): 57. [15450]
27. McLendon, Terry. 1991. Preliminary description of the vegetation of
south Texas exclusive of coastal saline zones. Texas Journal of Science.
43(1): 13-32. [14890]
28. Meyer, R. E.; Merkle, M. G.; Bythewood, C. R. 1970. Texas persimmon
fruit inhibition of seedling growth. PR-2820. College Station, TX:
College of Texas A & M, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station: 74-76.
[22963]
29. Navar, Jose; Bryan, Rorke. 1990. Interception loss and rainfall
redistribution by three semi-arid growing shrubs in northeastern Mexico.
Journal of Hydrology. 115: 51-63. [22072]
30. Powell, A. Michael. 1988. Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas including
Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park,
TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p. [6130]
31. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
32. Rollins, Dale; Bryant, Fred C. 1986. Floral changes following mechanical
brush removal in central Texas. Journal of Range Management. 39(3):
237-240. [10415]
33. Simpson, Benny J. 1988. A field guide to Texas trees. Austin, TX: Texas
Monthly Press. 372 p. [11708]
34. Standley, P. C. 1924. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contrib. U.S. Nat.
Herb. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press; 23: 849-1312. [20916]
35. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
36. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1992. Plant communities of Texas
(Series level): February 1992. Austin, TX: Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department, Texas Natural Heritage Program. 38 p. [20509]
37. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
38. Van Auken, O. W.; Bush, J. K. 1992. Diospyros texana Scheele (Ebenaceae)
seed germination and seedling light requirements. Texas Journal of
Science. 44(2): 167-174. [19897]
39. Van Auken, O. W.; Ford, A. L.; Allen, J. L. 1981. An ecological
comparison of upland deciduous and evergreen forests of central Texas.
American Journal of Botany. 68(9): 1249-1256. [10559]
40. Van Auken, O. W.; Ford, A. L.; Stein, A. 1979. A comparison of some
woody upland and riparian plant communities of the southern Edwards
Plateau. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(1): 165-180. [10489]
41. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest.
Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
42. Vora, Robin S. 1989. Seed germination characteristics of selected native
plants of the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Journal of Range
Management. 42(1): 36-40. [6101]
43. Vora, Robin S. 1990. Plant communities of the Santa Ana National
Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Texas Journal of Science. 42(2): 115-128.
[11944]
44. Vora, Robin S. 1992. Restoration of native vegetation in the lower Rio
Grande Valley, 1984-87. Restoration & Management Notes. 10(2): 150-157.
[20086]
45. Weltz, Mark A.; Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Simanton, J. Roger. 1992. Leaf
area ratios for selected rangeland plant species. Great Basin
Naturalist. 52(3): 237-244. [20179]
46. White, Richard S. 1969. Fire temperatures and the effect of burning on
south Texas brush communities. Lubbock, TX: Texas Technological College.
74 p. Thesis. [20741]
47. Whittaker, Donald G. 1990. Summer and fall habitat selection by mature,
male, white-tailed deer in southern Texas. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech
University. 69 p. Thesis. [7960]
48. Wood, Carl E.; Wood, Judith K. 1988. Woody vegetation of the Frio River
riparian forest, Texas. Texas Journal of Science. 40(3): 309-322.
[11870]
49. Wood, Carl E.; Wood, Judith K. 1989. Riparian forests of the Leona and
Sabinal Rivers. Texas Journal of Science. 41(4): 395-412. [11869]
FEIS Home Page
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/diotex/all.html
