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INTRODUCTORY

ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION
	Fall foliage. Photo courtesy of Virginia Tech, Department of Forestry.

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Simonin, Kevin A. 2000. Vaccinium membranaceum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacmem/all.html [].

ABBREVIATION:
VACMEM

SYNONYMS:
Vaccinium globulare Rybd. [75]
Vaccinium membranaceum Hook [74]

NRCS PLANT CODE [157]:
VAME

COMMON NAMES:
thinleaf huckleberry
big huckleberry
blue huckleberry

TAXONOMY:
The currently accepted scientific name of thinleaf huckleberry is Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. (Ericaceae) [40,60,76,160,163].

LIFE FORM:
Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
Thinleaf huckleberry is listed as imperiled in South Dakota [137].

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Thinleaf huckleberry is native to North America. It occurs from British Columbia and Nunavut south through the Cascade and Olympic mountains to California and Arizona and east to Ontario, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Minnesota [12,40,60,75,76,160,163]. Populations also occur in 3 counties of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan on the east side of Lake Superior [160].

Distribution of thinleaf huckleberry. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [157].

Soils: Thinleaf huckleberry grows in moist, moderately deep, well-drained soils [64,121]. It prefers soils with a pH around 5.5 [112]. Clay and silt content are usually low (under 40%) leaving soil with a fine, loamy texture [139]. Relatively low concentrations of essential elements are required to sustain growth. Mesic and drier sites are preferred, although thinleaf huckleberry may inhabit soils with a wide range of available moisture [64].

In Montana, Goldin and Nimlos [58] evaluated thinleaf huckleberry presence in the Garnet Mountains in relation to soil physical properties. Thinleaf huckleberry prefers quartzite and granitic soils to limestone-derived soils possessing similar pH and gravel content. Quartzite soils resulted in the greatest coverage of thinleaf huckleberry, compared to granite and limestone derived soils [58]:

Within sites, thinleaf huckleberry grew under Douglas-fir on limestone, limber pine on quartzite and subalpine fir on granite.

Aspect/Slope: Thinleaf huckleberry prefers northern aspects [92] although populations may exist on all aspects [100]. Martin [100] observed thinleaf huckleberry to prefer moderate to steep slopes (25-40%). Gentle slopes were found to allow greater competition from other plant species.

Elevation: Elevation by geographic area is:

Common shrub associates include sticky flowering currant (Ribes viscosissimum), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus) [9,24], common snowberry (S. albus), grouse whortleberry (Vaccinium scoparium), Cascade bilberry (V. deliciosum), red huckleberry (V. parvifolium) [20], Utah honeysuckle (Lonicera utahensis), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) [9], fool's huckleberry (Menziesia ferruginea) [9,42]. Other common shrub associates include white spirea (Spirea betulifolia) [124,143], whiteveined wintergreen (Pyrola picta) [20], pink mountainheath (Phyllodoce empetriformis), Cascade azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum), Sitka mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis),  western moss-heather (Cassiope mertensiana), strawberryleaf raspberry (Rubus pedatus), roughfruit berry (R. lasiococcus) [42], little prince's pine (Chimaphila menziesii) [11], Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) [46,89], Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) [121], and Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens) [11].

Forb associates include common beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) [9,20,24], Brewer's aster (Chrysopsis breweri) [9,24], pinewoods lousewort (Pedicularis semibarbata) [24], fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), Sitka valerian (Valeriana sitchensis) [42], queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora) [20], twinflower (Linnaea borealis), lupine (Lupinus spp.) [3], Pacific trillium (Trillium ovatum), and threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata) [20].

Pacific Northwest: Thinleaf huckleberry is well represented in subalpine habitats [14,53,113]. In mesic subalpine communities, thinleaf huckleberry is a common understory associate of Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock [51]. Thinleaf huckleberry is an important understory component of subalpine fir forests in the eastern Olympic Mountains, Washington [50]. Within the Cascades of Oregon and Washington, thinleaf huckleberry frequently occurs on dry subalpine sites with beargrass [53,113].

Thinleaf huckleberry is a dominant species within fir/hemlock (Abies spp./Tsuga spp.) stands in the Cascade Mountains, understory to Pacific silver fir, noble fir, mountain hemlock, Douglas-fir, western white pine, and western redcedar [164]. Within fir/hemlock (Tsuga spp.) understory communities in the Cascades of southern Washington, thinleaf huckleberry is often codominant with common beargrass [53].

Thinleaf huckleberry is associated with cool western hemlock zones in the Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon. It occupies a dominant understory status in the coldest, driest portions of the western hemlock zone. When overstories are dominated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock, common associates include little prince's pine and Oregon-grape [66].

Stewart [150] compared understory composition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock stands in the west-central Cascade Range. Both stands were found on a southeast aspect at 3,740 feet (1,140 m) with a 15% slope. Fire history, mean tree age, and mean tree height were similar. Differences were in frequency of canopy gaps: Douglas-fir at 9.3% and western hemlock at 1.3%. Thinleaf huckleberry was more frequent and had greater coverage (p<0.05) in Douglas-fir stands:

Rocky Mountain Region: Thinleaf huckleberry is a dominant shrub species in subalpine fir forests of northern Utah. Subalpine fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat types are also described for south-central and southwestern Montana, eastern Idaho, and western Wyoming [101].

In Montana thinleaf huckleberry is a major undergrowth component in pole stage or older stands of Douglas-fir and subalpine fir [9]. Thinleaf huckleberry is an understory component of mountain hemlock communities in western Montana, in association with common beargrass, grouse whortleberry and fool's huckleberry [61].

Thinleaf huckleberry is an important shrub species in climax Douglas-fir/ninebark (Physocarpus spp.) habitat type, ponderosa pine phase in west-central Idaho, and in the Rocky Mountain maple phase of Douglas-fir/Rocky Mountain maple habitat types [147].

Thinleaf huckleberry is a frequently occurring understory species within the grand fir mosaic of northern Idaho [49]. Thinleaf huckleberry is uncommon in grand fir/Douglas-fir stands in Montana and Idaho below 3,937 feet (1,200 m) and common in higher elevations. Thinleaf huckleberry is a major understory species for grand fir/western redcedar stands when grand fir is dominant, and almost unrepresented below where western redcedar is dominant. Thinleaf huckleberry is common in intermediate aged stands of subalpine fir and limber pine on open slopes and within mature stands on mesic sites [63].

In general, thinleaf huckleberry is dominant to grouse whortleberry at lower-elevation subalpine fir habitats. At mid- and higher elevations, thinleaf huckleberry is generally subordinate to grouse whortleberry, although representation is sometimes about equal [96].

Published classifications listing thinleaf huckleberry as an indicator or dominant species are listed below:

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Thinleaf huckleberry is rhizomatous, frost-tolerant [20] shrub with stems ranging from 12 to 47 inches (30-120 cm) in height [64,74,107,163]. Leaves are alternate, elliptic to oblong [79], and small, ranging from 0.7 to 2.75 inches (1.8-7 cm) long. The fruit is a berry [74,163]. Roots may penetrate to 39.4 inches (100 cm) of soil. Rhizomes are usually found within the 3.15 to 11.8 inch (8-30 cm) range of a soil profile [110]. Largent and others [91] observed a minor occurrence of mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Thinleaf huckleberry foliage and fruit. Creative Commons image by Jason Hollinger.

Seed: Flowers are pollinated by bees [79,100] with each stem node having the capacity to produce 1 berry [32]. A typical berry carries 47 seeds. Mean germination is around 42% [139].

Fruit production is not halted during dry summers. Fructification may occur after 4 to 6 months void of rain [33]. In the southern Washington, Cascade Mountain region, individual stems are capable of producing fruit for 14 years [32]. Although berry production is moderately tolerant of moisture deficits, successful germination and subsequent establishment is extremely reduced or eliminated by water stress. Cool spring temperatures also negatively affect seed germination [141].

Establishment through seed is not heavily relied upon after disturbance. Number of seedlings emerging from soil blocks collected from a western hemlock/Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum)/dwarf Oregon-grape community was monitored after experimentally applied disturbance. Thinleaf huckleberry showed no regeneration from seed after burning and mechanical mixing of soil layers [80].

Thinleaf huckleberry offers a relatively minor contribution to soil seed banks. Viable seed most often occurs within the 1st 2 inches (5cm) of soil. Kramer and Johnson [89] evaluated the soil seed banks of Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type; grand-fir/Rocky Mountain maple habitat type; and grand-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat types in central Idaho. The constancy (%) of viable, buried, thinleaf huckleberry seed, by habitat type is summarized below:

Vegetative: Thinleaf huckleberry sprouts from the rhizomes and root crown. It has an extensive system of rhizomes [64,107], with adventitious buds distributed evenly along the length of the rhizome [107]. Vegetative production is relied upon highly for regeneration after disturbance [80]. Fruit productivity is more sensitive to solar radiation than vegetative production [32].

Fields dominated by thinleaf huckleberry are seral.

Decline of thinleaf huckleberry as forests move toward climax status is inevitable, especially in areas of crown closure [32]. Without disturbance, thinleaf huckleberry will gradually decrease in dominance, crowded out by trees [109].

Early seral: In spruce-fir forests thinleaf huckleberry may have a significant presence within 1 to 5 postdisturbance years [22]. Response varies greatly with intensity of disturbance. In a spruce-fir forest in Idaho, thinleaf huckleberry was not a dominant shrub until 40-79 years after clear cutting, sharing understory dominance with wild ginger (Asarum caudatum) in sites undisturbed for 80 years or longer [134].

Habeck [62] observed thinleaf huckleberry as a common understory component of pioneer and seral communities within cedar-hemlock habitats of Glacier National Park, Montana. Thinleaf huckleberry is also an early seral species in western redcedar-western hemlock forests of northern Idaho [151].

In grand fir habitats of north-central Idaho, thinleaf huckleberry may occupy an important role in early seral stages at high elevations on north slopes [168]. Thinleaf huckleberry decreases as a major understory species of developing grand fir/Douglas-fir stands above 3,937 feet (1,200 m) in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness of Montana and Idaho as stands move toward maturity [63]. Thinleaf huckleberry is well represented throughout all seral stages in grand fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat types. Steele [143] presents a detailed model of succession in the grand-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type.

In subalpine prairies of the Mount Hood area, Oregon, thinleaf huckleberry is an early seral plant species [119]. Thinleaf huckleberry is greater in frequency and coverage in open stands of mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir associations and decreases as stands close [42].

Late seral: Thinleaf huckleberry is a widespread understory dominant in late seral and climax communities in subalpine forests [4]. Within Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington habitat types, thinleaf huckleberry generally shows a slow recovery increasing toward a peak at 20 to 30 postdisturbance years [92].

Throughout thinleaf huckleberry's range in Montana, flowering begins the 1st week of June with total floret development requiring 4 months (mid-July to October) [59]. Gough [59] observed vegetative and reproductive development in the Lee Metcalf Wilderness, Montana, at 6,562 feet (2,000 m) with an 80-day growing season. Shoot growth from vegetative buds on stems began in mid-May. Buds on plants where the soil was still frozen showed no bud break. Vegetative buds on shoots greater than 0.08 inches (2 mm) diameter swell before buds on thinner, less vigorous shoots. Shoot elongation occurs until mid- to late June. Seasonal shoot growth is generally completed within a 4-week period [59].

FIRE ECOLOGY

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

The clonal habit of thinleaf huckleberry favors ecotypic variation among populations. Plants subjected to regular fire intervals may be better suited to surviving fire than individuals developed under fire suppression [32]. Plants are consumed by fire only when adequate fuels are present to dry and preheat stems and foliage. Seed is not an important postfire recolonization method and is rarely found in postfire areas [107].

Historically, burning of thinleaf huckleberry patches by Native Americans was a regular activity in the subalpine zone of the Cascade and Pacific ranges. To enhance production, fires were set in autumn after berry harvest. Fires reduced invasion of shrubs and trees [17]. Fields of thinleaf huckleberry in the Pacific Northwest are considered a product of uncontrolled wildfires occurring before effective fire suppression [112].

FIRE REGIMES:
Western Montana: Cool habitats dominated by lodgepole pine, with thinleaf huckleberry as a plentiful understory species, showed high severity (stand replacing) fire return intervals of 150 to 250 years in past centuries [55]. Lower subalpine stands in the Bitterroot National Forest, including stands in the Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type, common beargrass phase, showed mean intervals between surface fires ranging from 17 to 28 years with a range of 3 to 67 years. At lower elevations, on montane slopes including stands in the Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type, mean fire return intervals ranged from 7 to 19 years with a range of 2 to 48 years [6]. About 60% of mature subalpine fir/common beargrass stands in western Montana show evidence of surface fire [7].

Northern Idaho: Dry, lower subalpine fir habitat types where thinleaf huckleberry occurs show historic intervals between low to moderate severity fires averaging 35 years. Stand replacing fires occurred at average intervals >217 years. Severe fires occurred at intervals of 60 to 70 years in cold, dry grand fir habitats where thinleaf huckleberry is a dominant species [136].

Mixed conifer forests of the grand fir series within the Elkhorn Mountains of Oregon showed historic fire return intervals of 50-200 years on sites where thinleaf huckleberry is the dominant understory species [2]. The Douglas-fir forests of the eastern Cascade Range possess longer fire return intervals and higher fire intensities where thinleaf huckleberry is present than where thinleaf huckleberry does not occur [165].

The following table provides some fire-return intervals where thinleaf huckleberry is found. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE REGIMES: Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE EFFECTS

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

In preferred habitats, thinleaf huckleberry will generally survive low to moderately severe surface fires, attaining prefire coverage within about 3 to 7 years [19,25]. Stem numbers and density generally increase in early postfire years. High-severity burns may result in moderate to high mortality [39] or greatly reduced sprouting [71]. Moderate to severe fires on coarse textured soil or areas with a thin organic layer kill underground rhizomes, resulting in heavy mortality [25,131]. Strong decreases occur after severe broadcast burning and wildfire with recovery generally occurring within 15 to 20 years [9]. Overall, low-severity, top-killing fires can result in heavy sprouting from rhizomes [39].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Low to moderate severity fire: Thinleaf huckleberry showed good vegetative response in lightly burned areas of western larch/Douglas-fir forests in western Montana. The same result was seen in moderate fires top-killing the majority of shrubs and consuming up to half of the litter [142].

A comparison of postfire thinleaf huckleberry sprouts was made after spring (May-June) and fall (September-October) fires at the University of Montana's Lubrecht Experimental Forest. The number of stems present before burns was closely related to the number of postfire stems. Spring burns produced a lower mortality of adventitious buds on rhizomes than fall burns. Moist duff and soil present during spring burns served as a heat shield. Spring burns causing rhizome mortality occurred only in areas with duff and soil of low moisture content. Results summarizing the average stem number/meter² on 9 sites are presented below [107]:

Spring Fires:

Fall Fires:

Moderate to high severity fire: Doyle and others [43] evaluated plant species richness 17 years after the July 17, 1974, Waterfalls Canyon Fire, in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Thinleaf huckleberry dominated (30-36% coverage) the understory of adjacent unburned areas with greatly reduced coverage (approximately 7%) in moderately burned areas and almost no coverage in severely burned areas. Thinleaf huckleberry populations were greatly reduced the 1st growing season following a high intensity fire in the Payette River drainage near, Lowman, Idaho [146].

Thinleaf huckleberry showed no postfire re-establishment through seed after the Sundance fire of 1967, a severe burn in northern Idaho [152].

In general, thinleaf huckleberry is slow to recover from moderate to high severity fire. After stand replacing fire in upland Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry sites in Pattee Canyon, west-central Montana, thinleaf huckleberry showed "slow" recovery. In severely burned ravines, thinleaf huckleberry sprouted from rhizomes at depths of 3.5 to 6 inches (9 to 15 cm). Before effective fire exclusion began in the early 1900s, fire return intervals in the area averaged 15.8 years [30]. 

Vegetation recovery for thinleaf huckleberry after an August wildfire in Sleeping Child Creek, Bitterroot Valley, Montana was slow; density and crown volume showed little recovery after 4 postfire years [97]:

• Revegetation in a subalpine fir forest after logging and fire in central British Columbia
• Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana

The Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en people of northwestern British Columbia used fire to manage thinleaf huckleberry fields. Burning typically occurred in the early fall, late August, and September. Late fall burns were specifically chosen to reduce fire severity and spread since fall frontal storm systems were likely to bring precipitation. Elders (women) decided burning time and scheduled fires during times they felt were prior to rainfall. Intervals between burns varied [82]. Sahaptin and Chinook Native Americans started fires in the fall (end of huckleberry season) during periods when winter rains had begun [54].

In habitat types were thinleaf huckleberry is dominant, fires conducted when duff is relatively moist and not completely consumed result in heavy sprouting from rhizomes [39,119,128]. Low severity burning may stimulate lateral bud growth similar to pruning and assist in eradication of parasites [119]. Burning that consumes large amounts of duff is most harmful to thinleaf huckleberry regeneration [107]. Quantity of heat released by fire and relative amounts of duff and soil moisture are controlling factors [106].

In western Montana, spring burning is recommended to increase thinleaf huckleberry density within the Douglas-fir/western larch habitat type, except when lower duff and soil are dry [107]. In moist Douglas-fir habitat types of Montana, where ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine are seral components, low severity burning in the early spring stimulates thinleaf huckleberry, increasing shoot density [154]. In the Lolo National Forest, low and moderate severity surface fires increase density and nutrient content of thinleaf huckleberry in moist Douglas-fir and cool, dry Douglas-fir habitat types [35]. In the Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type, spring fires and moderate amounts of shade may enhance production of thinleaf huckleberry [18].

In the grand fir series of the eastern Cascade Range, 2 consecutive fires in short intervals favor thinleaf huckleberry over grand fir, and thinleaf huckleberry may share dominance with lodgepole pine after intense fires on moist sites [1]. Dense stands of thinleaf huckleberry may not burn if fuels are limited, due to low flammability of thinleaf huckleberry foliage [107]. Density of thinleaf huckleberry may be increased by low severity surface fires in subalpine fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type in northern Utah [101].

In sub-boreal spruce zones of British Columbia, postfire sprouting of thinleaf huckleberry occurs almost exclusively through rhizomes. Postfire recovery is slow in the 1st 10 years postfire [69]. Likewise, in mesic and drier sites of the sub-boreal spruce zone in Canada, thinleaf huckleberry recovers slowly after fire [68].

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FIRE CASE STUDIES

• 1st FIRE CASE STUDY:
Underburning effects on thinleaf huckleberry in a Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry community on the Lubrecht Experimental Forest, Montana
• 2nd FIRE CASE STUDY:
Effects of fall burning on a thinleaf huckleberry shrubfield near Mount Adams, Washington

• FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION
• REFERENCES
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

Miller, Melanie. 1977. Response of blue huckleberry to prescribed fires in a western Montana larch-fir forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-188. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 33 p. [107].

On fall-burned plots, postfire year 1 stem numbers exceeded prefire levels on only 55% of the plots. The majority of plants sprouted during the 1st growing season, although some additional sprouting occurred during the 2nd year. These later sprouting plants presumably originated from deeper rhizomes. On parts of some fall-burned plots, plant density increased but elsewhere all rhizomes were killed.

Sprouting was primarily related to depth of heat penetration rather than to specific phenological development. Sprouting was common on fall-burned plots where heat penetration was slight. Maximum soil temperatures were recorded on microsites with high fuel concentrations and/or low soil moisture. High soil moisture tended to limit rhizome heating. Influence of moisture level on thinleaf huckleberry regeneration was:

Stem densities were also significantly related to the number of stems present prior to the burn.

Fall burns generally produce greater heat penetration than spring burns and probability of mortality is increased. Fall burns can effectively reduce thinleaf huckleberry, particularly where duff reduction is complete.

• FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION
• REFERENCE
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

Flamethrowers and diesel fuel were used to initiate burns.

Cut and Burn: Although slash would not carry fire, plots were burned applying flamethrowers over the entire area. Fine fuels and herbaceous vegetation were consumed.

Burn: Little understory fuel was present and fire could not be kindled or spread. Diesel fuel and flamethrowers were used to deliberately burn herbaceous vegetation and lower tree branches. Fine fuels and herbaceous vegetation were consumed. Coarse fuels and duff were blackened. Most trees were killed immediately; others were severely injured.

Burn: Thinleaf huckleberry leaves were consumed with a few stems surviving.

Berry production (kg/ha) was severely reduced on both cut and burn, and burn treatments:

Average overstory cover for 4 postfire growing seasons:

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR RESTORATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Thinleaf huckleberry provides browse for ungulates. The browse is a minor component in the summer diet of western Montana elk [45]. Elk feed on thinleaf huckleberry when leaves are young and tender [166]. Thinleaf huckleberry also provides browse for moose in north-central Idaho [125]. It is an important species for white-tailed deer in grand fir and western redcedar forests of northern Idaho, with greatest use occurring in the fall [86].

Avian: Thinleaf huckleberry berries are an important food source for ruffed grouse [77], band-tailed pigeon [99], and various songbirds. Although not preferred, the foliage provides a fall food source for blue grouse in Oregon [31].

Light intensity (litter temperature of 150 degrees Fahrenheit (66 °C) at 1.9 inches (5 cm)) slash burning, after a clearcut in subalpine fir/queencup beadlily habitat type composed largely of Douglas-fir and western larch, had no significant effect (p> 0.05) on thinleaf huckleberry nutritional value [138].

Flowering by new seedlings usually requires 3 growing seasons [114].

Thinleaf huckleberry may hybridize with Vaccinium cultivars, producing drought-resistant cultivars for the West Coast [33].

Thinleaf huckleberry decreases after clearcutting without site preparation or slash treatment, clearcutting followed by broadcast burning, and clearcutting with mechanical scarification (dozer piling and burning) within Douglas-fir/ninebark, Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry, subalpine fir/common beargrass, and subalpine fir/fool's huckleberry habitat types of western Montana.

Douglas-fir forests: Within the Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type, strong decreases in thinleaf huckleberry occur after disturbance. Thinleaf huckleberry is drastically reduced after overstory removal in the Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitat type of west-central Montana. [9].

Subalpine fir forests: Moderate decreases in thinleaf huckleberry after clearcutting without site preparation or slash treatment are associated with subalpine fir/common beargrass habitat type, thinleaf huckleberry phase. Strong decreases in thinleaf huckleberry occur after clearcutting followed by broadcast burning or stand-replacing wild fire. Stand-replacing wildfires without clearcutting have the quickest recovery. Within the subalpine fir/fool's huckleberry habitat type, little or no decrease in thinleaf huckleberry occurs after clearcutting without site preparation or slash treatment, and light to moderate broadcast burning [9].

Depending upon moisture regimes, clearcut logging that leaves the understory intact could decrease productivity of thinleaf huckleberry fields. Removal of forest cover on dry, south-facing slopes exposes thinleaf huckleberry to sun, wind, and frost, or winter desiccation damage. Thinleaf huckleberry shows a greater tolerance of overstory removal, clearcutting, and wildfire within subalpine fir/common beargrass habitat type in north-west Montana, than in dry west-central Montana [9].

Plant species composition was evaluated in a moist Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forest in southeastern British Columbia. The area was logged during summer using conventional ground skidding. Two years later a broadcast burn was implemented on 27 August. Engelmann spruce seedlings were planted in the area during September at 648 trees/acre (1,600 trees/ha). Five years later, thinleaf huckleberry had greater frequency within slash burned areas than in the sidecast (shown in the paper as the downhill, filled edge of the skid trail), mid-trail, and cutbank areas of skid trails [122]:

Thinleaf huckleberry was slow to develop even in slash burn areas, showing 3% coverage at 3 postfire years, 6.7% coverage at 4 postfire years, and 11.5% coverage at 5 postfire years [122].

Soil scarification through mechanical means (bulldozing) does not promote thinleaf huckleberry growth [131].

Laursen [92] provides detailed models for predicting height and cover of thinleaf huckleberry following management disturbance. Model equations were generated following observations in the Douglas-fir to mountain hemlock zones throughout northern Idaho, eastern Washington and western Montana.

Martin [100] provides specific management recommendations for thinleaf huckleberry within subalpine fir/common beargrass-thinleaf huckleberry habitat type; subalpine fir/queencup beadlily-menziesia habitat type; subalpine fir/queencup beadlily-common beargrass habitat type; and subalpine fir/menziesia habitat type.

Coates [25] provides a general description of thinleaf huckleberry response to a variety of silvicultural treatments in British Columbia :

Recreation Management: Cole and Trull [28] evaluated thinleaf huckleberry response to recreational disturbance (human trampling) on the east slopes of the North Cascades. Thinleaf huckleberry was not tolerant of trampling. Decreases in vigor occurred after trampling, with little recovery the following growing season. Results from trampling experiments (a one-way walk at a natural gait by a 154 lb (70 kg) trampler in lug-soled boots) in subalpine fir stands are summarized below:

Similar results of low resistance and low recovery potential to summer trampling were seen in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana, [27].

Berry Production: Several abiotic and biotic factors determine the extent of fructification by thinleaf huckleberry. Greater berry production occurs in soils high in organic matter. Soil moisture availability will affect quality and quantity of berry production within a growing season [139].

Pruning can significantly (p < 0.05) increase vegetative production of thinleaf huckleberry through increased lateral bud development. Bud elongation usually begins within a few weeks of stem clipping, with buds nearest to point of stem removal developing 1st. Pruning date has no direct effect upon amount of lateral bud break if conducted before early July. Pruning after July may suppress lateral bud swelling and elongation through initiation of fall dormancy. Mid-June and early July pruning produced significantly less (p<0.05) lateral bud growth than earlier pruning [108]:

Berry production usually decreases with increased forest overstory [111]. In Montana, aspect has the greatest effect upon berry production. Fruit decreases from optimum northwest aspects to north, northeast, then from east to west. Canopy cover is inversely related to berry production; however, south or west aspects show no inverse relation. On south and west aspects, canopy removal may decrease population due to subsequent moisture stress [100].

According to Martin [100], in disturbed sites berry production is generally delayed at least 5 years. Berry production increases 15 to 20 years after wildfire on mesic north or east aspects and 5 to 10 years if sites are clearcut and broadcast burned.

Although coverage of thinleaf huckleberry may have a positive response to fire disturbance, berry production is usually delayed. Overstory removal with minimal huckleberry disturbance is recommended to increase berry production. Frilling (2,4-D applied to frills cut in trees) and girdling are 2 methods that effectively remove an overstory with minimal disturbance [114]. Fields of thinleaf huckleberry, productive for huckleberry picking, have developed after fires within some areas of mountain hemlock-subalpine fir forests in Washington and Oregon [95].

Herbicide application (2,4-D) along with cut and burn treatments were evaluated to monitor effect on thinleaf huckleberry berry production within a Pacific silver fir forest zone in Oregon. Frill treatments (herbicide 2,4-D and water) applied to stem incisions, were carried out on overstory trees larger than 2 inches (5 cm) d.b.h. in July. Spraying of 2,4-D in late July on all vegetation below 9.8 feet (3 m) was also implemented. The cut and burn treatment consisted of overstory removal followed by an August broadcast slash burn which killed, but did not consume, shoots. Berry production in kg/ha, 5 and 7 posttreatment years, is summarized below [111]:

Girdling is suggested as a nonchemical approach to achieve results produced by the frill treatment [111].

Indirect application of herbicides may have a profound negative effect on thinleaf huckleberry, producing high mortality. Glyphosate may provide minor control of thinleaf huckleberry [102]. Top-kill and prevention of subsequent growing season sprouts may be obtained through use of 2,4-D [105] and triclopyr [103,105]. Miller [104] provides a summary of herbicide control within the inland Northwest.

Within subalpine fir/thinleaf huckleberry habitats of northern Utah, berry production is increased when the relative amount of direct sunlight received is increased [101]. Overstory shading has no effect on berry sweetness [113].

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