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Ribes triste

• INTRODUCTORY
• DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
• BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• FIRE ECOLOGY
• FIRE EFFECTS
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTORY

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS

Photo courtesy of Kitty Kohout, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point

Ribes triste var. alaskanum (Berger) Boivin [44,71]
Ribes triste var. albinervium (Michx.) Fern. [44,67]
Ribes triste var. propinquum (Turcz.), Trautv. & C.A. Mey. [44,71,83]

Information about red currant is sparse, so some information about Ribes spp. in general is used in this review. When specific information about red currant is used, it will be identified.

LIFE FORM:
Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
Red currant is listed as endangered in Connecticut and Ohio and threatened in Pennsylvania [78]. More information on the state-level protected status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database.

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES/PROVINCES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

Alberta
White spruce (Picea glauca)- quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/red currant cover type [49]

North America
Prickly rose (Rosa acicularis)-red currant/naked miterwort (Mitella nuda)-tall bluebells (Mertensia paniculata) habitat type in boreal white spruce-balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and black spruce (Picea mariana) forests [48].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

Red currant is a low, straggling shrub [30,42,50,50,67,71,74,82,83], 1.3 to 3.2 feet (0.4-1.0 m) tall [2,32,50,71]. Stems are reclining [32,67,83] and branches layer at lower nodes [32,42,50,71,82]. Leaves are alternate, simple, 3- to 5-lobed [2,32,50,74,82], and softly hairy beneath [2,30,74]. The inflorescence is a 5- to 20-flowered drooping raceme [30,32,50,74,82], saucer-like [30,83], and 1.2 to 3.5 inches (3-9 cm) long [2,32]. Fruits are berries, 0.2 to 0.4 inch (0.6-1.0 cm) long [32,50,82], globose [32,74], smooth [13,32,71,74], and many-seeded [32]. Seeds are oval, flattened, 0.08 to 0.12 inch long, 0.08 inch wide and 0.08 inch thick [74]. Red currant probably has a root crown [37] similar to other Ribes spp.; however, information on this subject was unavailable in the literature.

RAUNKIAER [65] LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Red currant probably regenerates vegetatively [37]; however, information specific to red currant was not available in the literature. Red currant regenerates from seed [37,85].

Pollination: Flowers of Ribes spp. are often wind pollinated [64].

Breeding system: Flowers of red currant are perfect [66] which makes red current monoecious.

Seed production: Ribes spp. generally produce seeds when 3 to 5 years old [7]

Seed dispersal: Seeds of Ribes spp. are dispersed almost entirely by mammals and birds during the summer and fall [64].

Seed banking: The seeds of Ribes spp. remain viable in the soil for "long periods of time" [56,64,72,73].

Germination: Wright [86] claims that the germination of the seeds of Ribes spp. are stimulated by fire, but provides no data. Seeds normally germinate in the spring following dispersal [64].

In a study by Nichols [60], 100 red currant seeds were planted in sterilized soil and placed outdoors in a cold frame for a refrigeration period of 71 to 112 days. Another box of 100 seeds was kept in a greenhouse and germination rates were compared. The number of germinating red currant seeds was greater and quicker without refrigeration [60]:

Seedling establishment/growth: No information is available on this topic.

Asexual regeneration: Heinselman [37] states that woody genera regenerate asexually via a root crown; however, he does not specifically mention Ribes spp. Red currant does regenerate by layering [32,42,50,71,82].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Red currant is found growing in rich, damp, and poorly-drained deciduous and coniferous woods [20,62,67,71,83], margins of bogs [30,32,50,71,74], lakeshores [74], and stream banks [42,71]. Red currant is a plant indicator for the white spruce/balsam fir forest type in the Lake States [68].

Elevation: Red currant grows from the lowlands to timberline in Alaska [42]. Further information about elevation is unavailable.

Soil: Red currant grows in well-drained to somewhat poorly-drained moist to wet soil [13,32,39,47,50,74,83]. In the lowlands of northern Wisconsin, it can be found growing in black spruce bogs composed of peat moss, with a pH of 4.5, and in northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) swamps composed of compacted coarse wood peat [14]. In the white spruce-flood plain habitat of Alaska, red currant grows on well-drained alluvial soils [23]. In mixed-boreal forest types in southwest Quebec, it is more commonly found on clay than till deposits [51].

Climate: Climate varies throughout the range of red currant. In Canada and Alaska, red currant grows in cool, humid microthermal climates with cold, dry winters and warm, wet summers [21,24]. In southern Alaska, it grows in maritime climates on ocean-facing slopes [40]. In the Lake States, red currant grows in a continental climate [31,62].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Red currant is shade-tolerant [26,47] and occurs from pioneer to climax stages across its range [8,9,29,31,45,55,70,81].

In Itasca County, Minnesota, red currant was found growing in the pioneer stage of a highland hardwood burn of unknown intensity. Before the burn, climax hardwoods included balsam fir, basswood (Tilia americana), red oak (Quercus rubra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) [31].

In interior Alaska, red currant occurred in an early postfire successional stage dominated by paper birch (Betula papyrifera), and in a climax community dominated by white spruce. The intensity of the fires is unknown [55].

In mixed-boreal forests of eastern Canada, red currant grows in early successional stages. It was found growing in the 1st postfire successional stage, dominated by quaking aspen, paper birch, and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and the 2nd postfire successional stage, dominated by balsam fir and northern white-cedar [8,9].

In boreal black spruce forests of British Columbia, red currant occurs in a mid-seral stage dominated by black and white spruce and meadow horsetail (Equisetum pratense) [45].

In western Labrador, Simon and Schwab [70] measured the abundance of red currant on black spruce sites that burned 2, 18, and 40 years ago, as well as 80 and 140-year-old dry and wet nonburned sites. Red currant reached the highest abundance on the oldest, wet sites. These sites were dominated by paper birch, with water that continuously seeped through the soil [70]:

In northern Michigan, red currant occurred in the American beech (Fagus grandifolia)/sugar maple successional stage 20-25 years following fire of unknown intensity in a quaking aspen forest [29].

In 5 Chena River stands in the boreal forest of interior Alaska, red currant was present in late stages of succession [81]:

FIRE ECOLOGY

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

Fire regimes: Coniferous forests of interior Alaska are particularly liable to destruction by fire due to long hours of sunshine during the summer, low precipitation, and high air temperatures. Heavy growth of lichens and mosses provide fuel for fires in the summer when very dry. Fires were set by Native Americans in early times to increase the quality of hunting, as a means to communicate, and as smudge fires for relief from mosquitoes. By 1896, gold was discovered by settlers, increasing the population dramatically. Between 1898 and 1940, an average of at least 1 million acres (404,687 ha) was burned each year, mainly due to highway and railroad construction, as well as to increase grass for forage, to kill mosquitoes and to make prospecting easier [55].

Fires were common in areas of the temperate forests of the northeastern United States where red currant occurs before European settlers arrived. Native Americans used fire for more than 1,000 years to clear land and drive game, maintaining a mosaic of seral stages. Fires may have burned at intervals of 3 years or less on dry forest sites and intervals of 100 years on wetter forested sites where red currant is found. After European settlers arrived, fire was used to clear land to encourage quick growth of grass for livestock. Over time, states attempted to control fire. Since the 1950s, fire has has become relatively rare in spruce-fir forests of the northeastern United States [53].

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where red currant is important. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE EFFECTS

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

The effects of fire and spruce beetles were studied by Holsten and others [41] in white spruce forests within the Resurrection Creek watershed of the Chugach National Forest, Alaska. In 1980, 30 plots were established to monitor changes in species richness and diversity of understory vegetation as a result of spruce beetle-caused mortality of white spruce. The plots were remeasured annually for the first 5 years and again in 1985 and 1991. In June, 1984, a prescribed burn was conducted on 1,507 acres (610 ha) of the watershed to provide browse habitat for moose. Seventeen of the original 30 plots were within the burn. The burn consumed all overstory and understory vegetation and exposed mineral soil in a few cases. Eleven years following prescribed burning, the frequency and cover of red currant decreased to 0% on the burned and unburned plots. Since this response was observed on both burned and unburned plots, it does not necessarily prove that red currant is negatively affected by fire [41]:

Viereck and Dyrness [80] studied the development of vegetation following the 1971 Wickersham Dome Fire near Fairbanks, Alaska, which burned 15,570 acres (6,300 ha) of predominantly black spruce forest. Data were collected for 3 years following the fire. Red currant was present in quaking aspen stands 1 and 3 years following a "heavy burn," which was defined as >90-95% of the area blackened; lesser vegetation and tree crowns were consumed. The largest percent cover and frequency of red currant occurred 3 years following the burn. No data were reported for red currant on control plots [80]:

The effects of fire severity on the early development of understory vegetation in boreal mixedwood stands was studied on the 1999 Black River Fire in southeastern Manitoba. Before the burn, stands consisted of quaking aspen and a mixture of balsam fir, white spruce, black spruce and (or) jack pine and the stands had not burned for 70 years. Understory vegetation recovery was studied on four 12 to 25 acre (5-10 ha) plots from 1999-2002. Three fire severity classes were assigned: (1) scorched, litter not burned or partially burned; (2) lightly burned, with or without very limited duff consumption; and (3) severely burned, forest floor completely consumed, and organic matter in soil horizon may be partially consumed. Red currant was most prevalent in the scorched plots, where seed and crowns were probably least damaged. According to Wang and Kemball [85], scorching alone would probably not be sufficient to stimulate germination of red currant. The mean percent cover and frequency over the 4 postfire years for red currant was as follows [85]:

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES
• OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Palatability/nutritional value: The browse value of Ribes spp. is typically poor to fair for livestock [18,79]. Ribes spp. have considerable nutritional value for songbirds, rodents, small and large nongame mammals and hoofed browsers [57,79]. In studies in Alaska, the fruits of red currant were eaten by black bears [35] and moose [52] during summer months.

Cover value: No information is available on this topic.

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Ribes spp. can be propagated by hardwood cuttings taken during dormancy in the late fall, winter, or early spring. The cuttings can be planted immediately in a greenhouse or stored in moist sand or peat in a cool place until spring [19].

OTHER USES:
Ribes triste var. alaskanum and Ribes triste var. propinquum are cultivated garden varieties [71,83].

The fruits of red currant can be eaten raw [38,82] and are utilized by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic regions of Alaska [1]. Jams and jellies can be made from the fruits [38,82,83].

Red currant can be used to address urinary and gynecological problems [44].

OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Silviculture: Very dense understories of balsam fir and northern white-cedar suppress the growth of Ribes species [4].

Following clearcutting and shelterwood cutting in white spruce floodplain habitat on Willow Island in the Tanana River near Fairbanks, Alaska, the percent cover and percent frequency of red currant either returned to precut amounts or increased [23]:

Yarie and Mead [87] developed biomass equations from foliar cover and height estimates of plant species to provide an efficient means for determining vegetative biomass on inventory plots in the Tanana River basin of interior Alaska. Equations are available in [87]:

Disease: Red currant is an alternate host for the white pine blister rust fungus [59,79].

Herbicide: The effectiveness of vegetation control treatments were measured 11 years following a wildfire in boreal white and black spruce habitat in the Dawson Creek Forest District of British Columbia to reduce dense mixed hardwood, shrub, and grass communities. Treatments included: (1) discing; (2) discing and glyphosate treatment; (3) no discing and glyphosate treatment and (4) an untreated control. Vegetation was measured 14 years following the treatments. Red currant showed no growth following any of the treatments and had 0.5% cover in the untreated control with a modal height of 0.33 feet (0.10 m) [11].

To control vegetation competing with white spruce, glyphosate was applied to one 328 x 328 ft. (100 x 100 m) plot at the Tsiloh River in the Fort James Forest District of British Columbia. Ten years later, vegetation was measured. Red currant was found growing in the plot treated with glyphosate and was not present in the control plot [12].

Wildlife: The density of red currant decreases moderately in deer yards, a place where deer herd during the winter months, of northern white-cedar swamps of northern Wisconsin [34].

Hummingbirds utilize the flowers of red currant [44].

Ribes triste: REFERENCES

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