Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
Introductory
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Marshall, K. Anna. 1995. Ribes cereum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/ribcer/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
RIBCER
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
RICE
RICEC2
RICEC
RICEP
COMMON NAMES :
wax currant
whisky currant
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for wax currant is Ribes cereum
Dougl. [19]. It is a member of the gooseberry family
(Grossulariaceae). Kartesz [21] recognized the following three
varieties:
R. cereum var. cereum Dougl. (wax currant)
R. cereum var. colubrinum C. L. Hitchc. (wax currant)
R. cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats. (whisky currant)
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
Ribes cereum var. colubrinum is listed as imperiled to critically
imperiled in the state of Washington [52].
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
The distribution of wax currant ranges from central and eastern British
Columbia south to the Sierra Nevada, northern Arizona, and northern New
Mexico [29,30,47].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
STATES :
AZ CA CO ID MT NM NV OR UT WA
WY BC
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K034 Montane chaparral
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K063 Foothills prairie
SAF COVER TYPES :
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
106 Bluegrass scabland
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
404 Threetip sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
406 Low sagebrush
409 Tall forb
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
418 Bigtooth maple
419 Bittercherry
420 Snowbrush
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Wax currant occurs in open, coniferous forests, at forest edges, and in
mountain shrub communities.
In addition to the plant associations and cover types listed in
preceeding slots, wax currant occurs in the Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana)
community type in the northwestern third of New Mexico [42]. In the
Siskiyou and Cascade ranges and the Sierra Nevada, wax currant occurs
with Baker's cypress (Cupressus bakeri) at several disjunct locations
[13].
Species commonly associated with wax currant but not previously
mentioned include sugar pine (P. lambertiana), Washoe pine (P.
washoensis) [6,7,27,29,34], Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), sierra
chinkapin (Castanopsis sempervirens), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.),
ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus), skunkbrush sumac (Rhus trilobata),
white spiraea (Spiraea betulifolia), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.)
[7,8,9,38,39], pine grass (Calamagrostis rubescens), Arizona festuce
(Festuca arizonica), needlegrass (Stipa spp.), Indian ricegrass
(Oryzopsis hymenoides), sweetcicely (Osmorhiza berteroi), mountain muhly
(Muhlenbergia montana), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Great
Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus
elymoides), white mountain sedge (Carex geophila), elk sedge (C.
geyeri), and Ross' sedge (C. rossii) [6,7,24,35,39].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Wax currant provides food and cover for wildlife [30]. It is only fair
to poor browse for deer, but it is important on ranges where little else
is available [28]. In Oregon, pocket gophers fed on wax currant during
the dormant season (December - March). Chickadees and other birds
consume the fruit of wax currant [31].
Wax current is fair to poor browse for livestock [28].
PALATABILITY :
The palatability of wax currant to livestock is rated as follows [12]:
CO MT UT WY
Cattle fair poor poor fair
Sheep good fair fair good
Horses fair poor poor fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
In north-central Colorado, the new annual growth of wax currant
contained 5.6 percent crude protein. Phosphorus and calcium
concentrations were 0.23 and 0.85 percent, respectively [48].
COVER VALUE :
Cover values for wax currant are as follows [12]:
CO UT WY
Pronghorn ---- ---- fair
Elk ---- poor poor
Mule deer ---- poor fair
White-tailed deer ---- ---- fair
Small mammals fair good good
Small nongame birds fair good good
Upland game birds fair fair fair
Waterfowl ---- poor poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
The fruit of wax currant is used for making jam, jelly, or pie [30].
Some western Indian tribes used currants for making pemmican [28]. Wax
currant is cultivated as an ornamental [30].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Wax currant is an alternate host for white pine blister rust (Cronartium
ribicola) which infests five-needled pines [29]. Because of its
association with the rust, wax currant has been a target of various
eradication studies [1,5,29]. Efforts to eradicate Ribes spp. have been
unsuccessful and have not resulted in decreased rust infection [49].
In central Idaho, wax currant establishes after light ground
scarification and thrives after thorough scarification, which induces
germination and decreases the existing shrub cover [38,39,40].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Wax currant is a native, deciduous, nonrhizomatous shrub growing from
1.65 to 4.95 feet (0.5-1.5 m) tall [30]. Its numerous branches are
smooth-barked. The small, orbicular, three- to five-lobed leaves are 0.2
to 1 inch (0.5-2.5 cm) long and 0.28 to 2 inches (0.7-5 cm) wide
[28,47]. Short-stalked, tubular flowers form drooping clusters [18,28].
Globose berries about 0.48 inch (1.2 cm) in diameter contain numerous
seeds [20,28].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Wax currant reproduces mainly by seed. Its ability to sprout from the
root crown is described in the literature as "weak" [6,7,11]. In
east-central Idaho, Peek and others [51] observed wax currant sprouting
2 years after a low-severity, prescribed fire.
Shrubs of Ribes spp. begin fruiting after 3 years [1]. Seeds require
scarification to germinate [38,39]. Many seeds fall beneath the parent
plant; they are also dispersed by birds and mammals. Fallen seeds
remain viable in the soil and duff for many years [38,39]. Low-severity
fire may promote germination of soil-stored seed [6,7,11,17].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Wax currant commonly occurs on dry, open slopes, ridges, and rock
outcrops at elevations from 4,950 to 13,200 feet (1,500-4,000 m)
[7,18,19,28,29].
Wax currant grows on a variety of substrates. In Montana, wax currant
grows in soils that range from sandy to clayey [8]. In Baker's cypress
communities (California and Oregon), wax currant occurs on serpentine
soils or on lava flows where only a superficial layer of soil has
accumulated [13]. At Lava Beds National Monument in California, wax
currant grows on rocky basalt lava flows [14].
Climate varies throughout the range of wax currant. Lava Beds National
Monument exhibits a modified maritime climate with warm, dry summers and
cool, wet winters. Average annual precipitation is 13.6 inches (340
mm). The daily mean high temperature in July is 80.6 degrees Fahrenheit
(27 deg C) and in January, the daily mean low temperature is 21.2
degrees Fahrenheit (-6 deg C) [43]. In the Cache la Poudre River
drainage in Colorado, climate is characterized by cold winters and warm
spring and summer months. Mean annual precipitation is 14.92 inches
(373 mm). Most of the precipitation occurs between April and September.
The mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is 26.1 degrees
Fahrenheit (-3.3 deg C), and in July the mean temperature is 69.26
degrees Fahrenheit (20.7 deg C) [36].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Wax currant is shade intolerant [38,39]. Although it sometimes grows in
open coniferous forests, it occurs most often and grows most vigorously
on sites without forest canopy.
In central Idaho, wax currant is considered an early seral species
within Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) habitat types. It is one of
the first shrubs to dominate well-scarified sites but declines when a
canopy taller than its own develops. A few wax currant may remain
present to the midseral stage. Wax currant shrubs having relatively
dense canopies provide favorable microsites for Douglas-fir seedlings
[38,39].
In the Bitterroot Mountains of Idaho, Ribes spp. play an important role
in secondary succession. Their roots stabilize the soil, and their
foliage may shelter fir (Abies spp.), spruce (Picea spp.), and western
white pine (Pinus monticola) seedlings [26].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Wax currant flowers from April to June, and the fruit ripens by August
[30,46].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Wax currant regeneration is favored by short-duration, low-severity fire
because soil-stored seed requires scarification to germinate. Most wax
currant plants are severely damaged or killed by fire. The ability of
wax currant to sprout after fire is described in the literature as
"weak" [6,7,11].
Germination after severe fire is described for one site containing wax
currant in the Stanislaus National Forest, California. Except for two
or three wax currant plants, all Ribes were R. roezli. Ribes spp.
developed more rapidly and fruited earlier on "intensely burned" areas
than in partially burned thickets [32].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Shrub without adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire usually kills wax currant [6,7,11].
In Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, low-severity prescription
fires conducted during the spring and fall of 1979 resulted in decreases
in Ribes spp. during postfire years 1 and 2. Weather conditions were as
follows [3]:
wind speed temperature relative
mi/h (km/h) deg F (deg C) humidity (%)
fall burn 10 (16) 58 (14.4) 45
spring burn 5 (8) 57 (13.9) 32
Prefire and postfire values for Ribes spp. on experimental (burned) and
control (unburned) plots were as follows [3]:
Prefire Postfire 1 Postfire 2
Number of plants (density)
experimental 299 112 73
control 21 27 25
Mean max. height (cm)
experimental 34.6 18.4 25.3
control 37.2 34.6* 41.0
Mean max. crown width (cm)
experimental 32.2 16.5 20.1
control 33.9 37.4* 35.6*
* indicates that value for control plot was significantly (p<.05)
greater than value for experimental plot.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Wax currant seedlings establish after fire. After low-severity,
prescribed fire in a California red fir (Abies magnifica) forest of
King's Canyon National Park, California, wax currant seedlings
established; there were no shrubs on the site before the fire [23]. In
Stanislaus National Forest, California, a large and vigorous population
of Ribes spp., including two or three wax currant plants, "promptly
developed" after a 1.5-acre, human-caused fire in August of 1936 [32].
In Winema National Forest, Oregon, Burton and Black [10] reported the
presence of wax currant in early, seral postfire vegetation dominated by
annual and perennial grasses and annual forbs. Prefire vegetation was
characterized as a ponderosa pine/bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata)/needlegrass (Stipa occidentalis) community.
In east-central Idaho, Peek and others [51] observed wax currant
sprouting 2 years after a low-severity prescribed fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments
in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana provides information
on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species,
including wax currant, that was not available when this species review
was written.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In the Blacktail Hills of central Montana, the crude protein content of
wax currant twigs and foliage increased by 4.2 to 9.8 percent after
spring prescribed fires of varying fireline intensities [22].
In north-central Colorado, fire treatments applied with a flamegun
during the growing season decreased the production of annual growth in
wax currant for 2 years following treatment. Treatments applied during
the dormant season had little or no effect on wax currant production
[48].
A wildfire burned through mixed pine-fir forests in the Sierra Nevada in
1960. Effects of postfire treatments are described by Bock and others
[5]. Little or no management action took place after fire on control
plots. On "plantation" plots, brush and dead trees were piled and
burned, Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seedlings were planted in postfire
year 5, and herbicide was applied to kill shrubs in postfire years 11
and 12. In postfire year 15, the plantation plots had a significantly
greater (p<0.001) number of wax currant plants than the control plots.
Shelter and food for wildlife and forage for livestock can be improved
with prescribed fire in habitats where wax currant occurs. Fire
prescriptions for grasslands invaded by Douglas-fir in west-central and
southwestern Montana are described [17]. Fire prescriptions for
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir communities in the
Intermountain West are also described [50].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Ribes cereum
REFERENCES :
1. Benedict, W. V.; Harris, T. H. 1931. Experimental Ribes eradication
Stanislaus National Forest. Journal of Forestry. 29(5): 709-720. [427]
2. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
3. Bock, Jane H.; Bock, Carl E. 1981. Some effects of fire on vegetation
and wildlife in ponderosa pine forests of the southern Black Hills.
Final Report. Contracts CX-1200-9-B034, CX-1200-0-B018, CX-1200-1-B022;
Grant No. RM-80-105 GR. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 58 p. [479]
4. Bock, Jane H.; Bock, Carl E. 1984. Effects of fires on woody vegetation
in the pine-grassland ecotone of the southern Black Hills. American
Midland Naturalist. 112(1): 35-42. [477]
5. Bock, Jane H.; Raphael, Martin; Bock, Carl E. 1978. A comparison of
planting and natural succession after a forest fire in the northern
Sierra Nevada. Journal of Applied Ecology. 15: 597-602. [480]
6. Bradley, Anne F.; Fischer, William C.; Noste, Nonan V. 1992. Fire
ecology of the forest habitat types of eastern Idaho and western
Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-290. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 92 p.
[19557]
7. Bradley, Anne F.; Noste, Nonan V.; Fischer, William C. 1991. Fire
ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-287.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station. 128 p. [18211]
8. Brown, Ray W. 1971. Distribution of plant communities in southeastern
Montana badlands. American Midland Naturalist. 85(2): 458-477. [546]
9. Bunting, Stephen C.; Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Gruell, George E. 1985.
Fire ecology of antelope bitterbrush in the northern Rocky Mountains.
In: Lotan, James E.; Brown, James K., compilers. Fire's effects on
wildlife habitat--symposium proceedings; 1984 March 21; Missoula, MT.
Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-186. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 48-57. [560]
10. Burton, Douglas H.; Black, Hugh C. 1978. Feeding habits of Mazama pocket
gophers in south-central Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management. 42(2):
383-390. [15818]
11. Crane, M. F.; Fischer, William C. 1986. Fire ecology of the forest
habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-218. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 85 p. [5297]
12. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
13. Dodd, Richard S.; Afzai-Rafii, Zara; Power, Ariel B. 1990. Biodiversity
within natural populations of Cupressus bakeri (Goosenest Mountain,
California). Ecologia Mediterranea. 16: 51-57. [21914]
14. Erhard, Dean H. 1979. Plant communities and habitat types in the Lava
Beds National Monument, California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
University. 173 p. Thesis. [869]
15. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
16. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
17. Gruell, George E.; Brown, James K.; Bushey, Charles L. 1986. Prescribed
fire opportunities in grasslands invaded by Douglas-fir:
state-of-the-art guidelines. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-198. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 19 p. [1050]
18. Hayes, Doris W.; Garrison, George A. 1960. Key to important woody plants
of eastern Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb. 148. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 227 p. [1109]
19. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of
California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p.
[21992]
20. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
21. Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of
the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II--thesaurus. 2nd ed.
Portland, OR: Timber Press. 816 p. [23878]
22. Keown, Larry D. 1982. An evaluation of qualitative plant responses to
prescribed burning on a central Montana ecosystem. Unpublished draft on
file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 17 p. [14925]
23. Kilgore, Bruce M. 1971. The role of fire in managing red fir forests.
In: Proceedings, 36th North American wildlife and natural resources
conference; 1971 March 7-10; Washington, DC. [Place of publication
unknown]. [Publisher unknown]. 405-416. [6474]
24. Komarkova, Vera; Alexander, Robert R.; Johnston, Barry C. 1988. Forest
vegetation of the Gunnison and parts of the Uncompahgre National
Forests: a preliminary habitat type classification. Gen. Tech. Rep.
RM-163. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 65 p.
[5798]
25. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
26. Larsen, J. A. 1929. Fires and forest succession in the Bitterroot
Mountains of northern Idaho. Ecology. 10: 67-76. [6990]
27. Moir, W. H. 1993. Alpine tundra and coniferous forest. In: Dick-Peddie,
William A., ed. New Mexico vegetation: Past, present, and future.
Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press: 47-84. [21100]
28. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history.
Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
29. Offord, H. R.; Van Atta, G. R.; Swanson, H. E. 1940. Chemical and
mechanical methods of Ribes eradication in the white pine areas of the
western states. Tech. Bull. No. 692. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture. 50 p. [1795]
30. Pfister, Robert D. 1974. Ribes L.--currant, gooseberry. In: Schopmeyer,
C. S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric.
Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service: 720-727. [1877]
31. Quick, Clarence R. 1954. Ecology of the Sierra Nevada gooseberry in
relation to blister rust control. Circular No. 937. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 30 p. [1920]
32. Quick, Clarence R. 1962. Resurgence of a gooseberry population after
fire in mature timber. Journal of Forestry. February: 100-103. [1922]
33. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
34. Riegel, Gregg M.; Thornburgh, Dale A.; Sawyer, John O. 1990. Forest
habitat types of the South Warner Mountains, Modoc County, California.
Madrono. 37(2): 88-112. [11466]
35. Rose, Jeffrey A.; Eddleman, Lee E. 1994. Ponderosa pine and understory
growth following western juniper removal. Northwest Science. 68(2):
79-85. [23145]
36. Roughton, Robert D. 1972. Shrub age structures on a mule deer winter
range in Colorado. Ecology. 53(4): 615-625; 1972. [2032]
37. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United
States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]
38. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1994. The Douglas-fir/white
spirea habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen.
Tech. Rep. INT-305. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station. 81 p. [23481]
39. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1989. The Douglas-fir/ninebark
habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-252. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station. 65 p. [8136]
40. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1993. The Douglas-fir/pinegrass
habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-298. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station. 83 p. [21512]
41. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
42. Szaro, Robert C. 1989. Riparian forest and scrubland community types of
Arizona and New Mexico. Desert Plants. 9(3-4): 70-138. [604]
43. Tiagwad, Tamara E.; Olson, Craig M.; Martin, Robert E. 1982. Single-year
response of breeding bird populations to fire in a curlleaf
mountainmahogany-big sagebrush community. In: Starkey, Edward E.;
Franklin, Jerry F.; Matthews, Jean W., technical coordinators.
Ecological research in national parks in the Pacific Northwest; [Date of
conference unknown]; [Location of conference unknown]. Corvallis, OR:
Oregon State University, Forest Research Lab: 101-110. [8087]
44. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants
of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]
45. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP
Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Biological Survey. [23119]
46. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest.
Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
47. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
48. Young, D. Lewis; Bailey, James A. 1975. Effects of fire and mechanical
treatment on Cercocarpus montanus and Ribes cereum. Journal of Range
Management. 28(6): 495-497. [6935]
49. Hagle, Susan K.; McDonald, Geral I.; Norby, Eugene A. 1989. White pine
blister rust in northern Idaho and western Montana: alternatives for
integrated management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-261. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 35 p. [9357]
50. Kilgore, Bruce M.; Curtis, George A. 1987. Guide to understory burning
in ponderosa pine-larch-fir forests in the Intermountain West. Gen.
Tech. Rep. INT-233. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station. 39 p. [3623]
51. Peek, James M.; Riggs, Robert A.; Lauer, Jerry L. 1979. Evaluation of
fall burning on bighorn sheep winter range. Journal of Range Management.
32(6): 430-432. [1863]
52. Washington Natural Heritage Program, compiler. 1994. Endangered,
threatened, and sensitive vascular plants of Washington. Olympia, WA:
Department of Natural Resources. 52 p. [25413]
FEIS Home Page
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/ribcer/all.html
