Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
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| Mountain hemlock/devilsclub community near Juneau, AK. Wikimedia Commons image by Everett Mar. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Oplopanax horridus. In: Fire Effects Information System,
[Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/oplhor/all.html [].
Images were added on 14 August 2018.
ABBREVIATION :
OPLHOR
SYNONYMS :
Oplopanax horridum (J. E. Smith) Miq.
NRCS PLANT CODE :
OPHO
COMMON NAMES :
devilsclub
devil's-club
TAXONOMY :
The scientific name of devilsclub is Oplopanax horridus (J. E. Smith)
Miq. (Araliaceae)[45,46,48].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Devilsclub is distributed from south-central Alaska south along the
Pacific Coast and the western slope of the Cascade Range to southern
Oregon and east to southwestern Yukon Territory, Idaho, and western
Montana. Disjunct populations occur on several islands of northern Lake
Superior, including Isle Royale and Passage Island, Michigan, and
Porphyry and Slate islands, Ontario [30,45,46]. Some authorities [23]
extend its distribution to eastern Asia. Voss [46], however, recognized
the Asian plants as a distinct species, Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai.
 |
| Distribution of devilsclub. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, August 14] [44]. |
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
STATES :
AK ID MI MT OR WA BC ON YT
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K025 Alder - ash forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
221 Red alder
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
252 Paper birch
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Devilsclub is a dominant component of understories of various Pacific
Northwest and western boreal forests where moist to wet soil conditions
prevail. Devilsclub is an indicator of numerous habitat types; some
commonly occurring ones are western redcedar (Thuja plicata)/devilsclub,
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)/devilsclub, Sitka spruce
(Picea sitchensis)-western hemlock/devilsclub, subalpine fir (Abies
lasiocarpa)/devilsclub, and Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis)/devilsclub [2,3,8,9].
Understories of various forest/devilsclub types are
sometimes nearly pure, dense stands of devilsclub. Other understories
dominated by devilsclub, however, are species rich, involving mixed
shrub, shrub-fern, or shrub-forb associations [21,27].
A comprehensive list of publications naming devilsclub as a dominant
or indicator species would be prohibitively long. A geographically
representative selection of such publications is listed below:
Old-growth forests of the Canadian Rocky Mountain national parks [1]
Forest types of the North Cascades National Park Service Complex [2]
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in
northwestern Montana [8]
Plant associations and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone
and Gifford Pinchot National Forest [9]
Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation [11]
Preliminary forest plant association management guide: Ketchikan Area,
Tongass National Forest [14]
Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after
fire in the taiga of interior Alaska [19]
Devilsclub tree associates not previously mentioned include noble fir
(Abies procera), grand fir (A. grandis), Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western white pine
(Pinus monticola), lodgepole pine (P. contorta varieties latifolia and
murrayana), shore pine (P. c. var. contorta), bigleaf maple (Acer
macrophyllum), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and black cottonwood
(P. trichocarpa) [12,15,38,39].
Shrub associates are Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium alaskaense), ovalleaf
huckleberry (V. ovalifolium), evergreen huckleberry (V. ovatum), bog
blueberry (V. uliginosum), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), Rocky
Mountain maple (Acer circinatum), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea),
prickly currant (Ribes lacustre), and Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa)
[14,15,19,38].
Herbaceous associates of devilsclub include queencup beadlily
(Clintonia uniflora), trefoil foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), starry
false-Solomon's-seal (Smilacina stellata), northern bedstraw (Galium
boreale), softleaved sedge (Carex disperma), woolly sedge (C.
laeviculmis), and coast sedge (C. obnupta) [8,38]. Other common
associates are wood horsetail (Equistum sylvaticum), ladyfern (Athyrium
filixfemina), oak-fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris), mountain woodfern
(Dryopteris austriaca), and mosses (Mnium spp.) [8,15,27,38].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Devilsclub is not preferred by browsing animals, probably because of
its prickly leaves and stems. Black-tailed deer, white-tailed deer, and
elk utilize it lightly in spring and summer [29,45]; in one study, it
comprised an average of 3.4 percent of the summer diet of Roosevelt elk
at widely distributed sites on the Pacific Northwest Coast [32]. Moose
on Isle Royale, Michigan do not browse it [46].
Devilsclub growing on banks of stream channels provides shade cover
for salmonoid fishes and their eggs. Bear prefer such areas because of
the readily available sources of fish and devilsclub berries [14].
Grizzly and black bear also consume devilsclub seeds, leaves, and
stems [4,26,33,37].
PALATABILITY :
Unpalatable
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Mean value of in-vitro dry-matter digestibility of devilsclub for
white-tailed deer is 73.3 percent for leaves and 53.7 percent for stems.
Percentage composition of macro- and micronutrients in devilsclub
leaves and stems are available [29].
COVER VALUE :
Devilsclub provides hiding, escape, and thermal cover for various
birds, rodents, and the vagrant shrew [31].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Devilsclub is planted as an ornamental [34,45].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Devilsclub is a native, erect to slightly spreading, deciduous shrub
from 3.3 to 10 feet (1-3 m) in height. It is sparsely branched with
sharp, dense prickles on stems and prominent leaf veins [24,30,48]. The
fruit is a drupe with two to three seeds [23,48]. Cooper and others
[11] noted that this species is rhizotomous; other researchers have yet
to confirm this. Devilsclub is drought intolerant [10].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Information on devilsclub regeneration is scant. Seedling growth is
apparently slow [34]. Devilsclub reproduces vegetatively, but the
method is uncertain. Vegetative reproduction may be accomplished by
rhizomes [11] and/or layering [34]. Stickney [42] tentatively listed it
as a root crown sprouter.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Devilsclub is a wet-site indicator [38]. It grows on moderately
well-drained to poorly drained, shaded sites. It is commonly found near
springs and streams and in drainage, seepage, and wet bottom areas
[5,8,27]. It occurs on variable aspects [9], growing in soils that are
sandy, loamy, or silty in texture. Devilsclub-supporting soils are
sometimes skeletal. Soils are derived from quartzite or from fluvial,
colluvial, glaciolacustrine, or morainal deposits [11,6,27]. Soil pH is
acid. It ranges from 4.5 to 6.0 in the western redcedar/devilsclub
type of northern Idaho [11], and was measured at 3.8 in the Sitka alder
(Alnus viridis spp. sinuata)/devilsclub type of southern Alaska [39].
Soil nutrient levels are medium to very rich [24]. Climate varies from
maritime, submarine, and continental types [24]. Elevational ranges for
devilsclub in several locations are as follows:
feet meters
northwestern Montana 3,900-5,000 1,189-1,524 [8]
Oregon 1,300-4,600 396-1,402 [9,25]
northern Idaho 1,500-4,900 460-1,495 [11]
southeastern Alaska 0-1,700 0- 518 [14,47]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Devilsclub is moderately shade tolerant [24] and is primarily found in
understories of late seral, climax, and old-growth forests. Best growth
is attained in climax (mature) forests [6,8]. Average devilsclub
biomass at widely located sites in western hemlock-western redcedar and
Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests of southeastern Alaska was as
follows [3]:
clearcut sites: 0.00 lb/acre
young (30- to 100-year-old): 0.09 lb/acre (0.1 kg/ha)
mature (100- to 250-year old): 4.80 lb/acre (5.4 kg/ha)
old-growth (250+ years): 2.90 lb/acre (3.3 kg/ha)
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Devilsclub flowers in late spring to midsummer, depending upon
location. Plants in southeastern Alaska bloom in June [45], while
plants on the Lake Superior islands bloom in mid-July. Fruits ripen
approximately 4 weeks after flowering and persist over winter [46].
Leaves are dropped within a few days of the first fall frost. In the
Cascade Range of Oregon, leaf abscission occurs in October or November
[10].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Sites where devilsclub occurs burn infrequently. Wildfire is uncommon
in various forest-devilsclub types of southeastern Alaska [28].
Typically, the moist ravines and streamside areas serve as a fire break
to low- and moderate-severity ground fires. The return interval for
such fires ranges from 50 to 100 years in the western redcedar/devilsclub
type of western Montana. Less often, this type undergoes severe,
stand-replacing fire, regressing the site to pioneer conditions.
Stand-replacing fires in the western redcedar/devilsclub type of
western Montana have historically occurred at intervals ranging from 150
to more than 500 years [13].
Devilsclub adaptations to fire are not well documented. It may sprout
from the root crown [18,42]. Sprouting from rhizomes may also occur [11].
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Unknown
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Devilsclub is susceptible to fire-kill [18], but its susceptibility by
class of fire severity is unknown.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Postfire recovery of understory species, presumably including devilsclub,
in forest/devilsclub types of British Columbia is more rapid
than in other forest types. Researchers credit this to the generally
lower fire intensity. Devilsclub frequency at widely scattered sites
in British Columbia that had burned less than 10 years prior to sampling
was from 61 to 80 percent [27].
Extrapolating from Alaback's [3] data (see Successional Status), devilsclub
is probably absent from burn sites for decades following
stand-replacing fire. Presumably, devilsclub establishes on these
sites from animal-dispersed seed after the canopy has closed enough to
shade this light-sensitive species.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) provide
information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant species,
including devilsclub, that was not available when this species review
was originally written.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Overall fire potential is rated as low in western redcedar/devilsclub
habitat types of western Montana [17].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Oplopanax horridus
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FEIS Home Page
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