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Artemisia papposa

• INTRODUCTORY
• DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
• BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
• APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE
• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTORY

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS
	Photo by James L. Reveal @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Meyer, Rachelle. 2009. Artemisia papposa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/artpap/all.html [].

FEIS ABBREVIATION:
ARTPAP

NRCS PLANT CODE [50]:
ARPA16

COMMON NAMES:
Owyhee sage
Owyhee sagebrush
fuzzy sagebrush

TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of Owyhee sage is Artemisia papposa S. F. Blake & Cronquist (Asteraceae) [14,17,23,27,28].

SYNONYMS:
None

LIFE FORM:
Shrub
Shrub-forb

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
None

OTHER STATUS:
Information on state- and province-level protection status of plants in the United States and Canada is available at NatureServe.

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

Although Owyhee sage shrublands generally have low cover of biological soil crust [5,26], unattached lichens in the genus Dermotocarpon occur on sites with Owyhee sage [26,45]. Sandberg bluegrass, whip pussytoes, and stiff sagebrush (Artemisia rigida) are also associated with these sites [45]. The cyanobacterium Nostoc has been collected from Owyhee sage sites in Idaho [26].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT REGENERATION PROCESSES SITE CHARACTERISTICS SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
	Photo by James L. Reveal @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [14,23,28]).

Owyhee sage is a deciduous [43] native perennial subshrub [14,27] generally 4 to 20 inches (10-50 cm) in height [13,14,18,23,36,43]. The woody base ranges from 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) tall [14], and the annual flowering branches are typically 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) long [13,14]. The leaves are 10 to 35 mm long [13,14,23] and lobed [14,23,28,43]. The raceme inflorescences have 4 to 14 flower heads on erect peduncles [13,14,23], with a disk from 3 to 6 mm wide [13]. The fruits are achenes [14,34]. Owyhee sage fruits have a short pappus [14,18,28,36], which is atypical of sagebrush species (Artemisia spp.) in this region [36]. Rosentreter (personal communication [44]) has observed that Owyhee sage seeds are rather large for Artemisia and are similar in size to seeds of stiff sagebrush. Root depth is apparently about 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm)(personal communication [31]). According to a fact sheet published by the Nevada Natural Heritage Program, Owyhee sage is long lived [36], which is typical for sagebrush species [34].

Raunkiaer [40] life form:
Chamaephyte

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Owyhee sage flowers from May [13,23] to July [14,36] and timing of germination has not been reported. According to a review, sagebrush species typically flower in autumn and germinate in winter or early spring [34]. Because Owyhee sage is atypical in timing of flowering, it is probably also atypical in timing of germination or has mechanisms that prevent summer germination. Budsage (Picrothamnus desertorum), a small shrub that flowers in spring and has a close affinity to the Artemisia genus [14], has seeds that ripen in early summer and germinate the following spring. Its seeds rarely germinate in summer because of high temperatures (Meyer and Kitchen unpublished data cited in [34]) and are generally stratified by a cold, moist period [34]. Rosentreter observed Owyhee sage seeds germinate in 2 to 4 days and notes that it is easy to grow (personal communication [44]).

REGENERATION PROCESSES:
As of 2009, only limited information was available on Owyhee sage regeneration processes. Most of the following information is based on observations of sagebrushes in general. Although the Owyhee sagebrush subgenus, Artemisia, has pistillate ray flowers and perfect disc flowers [33], Owyhee sage has been described as having rayless flower heads [36] or pistillate "outer" or "marginal" flowers and perfect inner flowers [13,14]; all are potentially fertile [14]. Flowers of species in the Artemisia genus are wind pollinated [17,34], and seeds are dispersed by wind [46,56] and water [3]. Sagebrush seeds are often viable for 2 to 3 years in storage (Stevens and others 1981 cited in [34]). If stored at temperatures below 50 °F (10 °C) and moisture contents of 6% to 8%, viability of sagebrush seeds may be extended to around 5 years [34]. Several ecological characteristics of sagebrush species, including Owyhee sage, were ranked in a study of the relationships between species traits and genome size. The study ranked Owyhee sage as having "medium" seed production and "slow" growth [18]. Other Owyhee sagebrush characteristics described by Garcia and others [18] are referred to in relevant sections of this review. As of 2009, no information on typical germination rates of Owyhee sagebrush seeds is available. The lack of any observations of vegetative regeneration or associated structures suggests that Owyhee sage is unlikely to reproduce vegetatively.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristic Owyhee sage sites are open [13,23] and occur at mid-elevations in shallow, ephemerally wet soils [24,26,42]. These conditions occur on large plateaus [24,37,43], in shallow depressions, adjacent to intermittent water courses [35,37,49], in rocky swales [14,24], moist clay bottoms [36], and mud flats [14]. Sites are generally cool [43] with dry summers [19,43]. Some Owyhee sage communities occur on exposed sites subject to frost heaving [45]. Communities are sparsely vegetated [13,23,37].

Elevation: Owyhee sage occurs on mid-elevation sites ranging from 4,000 [26,42] to 6,900 feet (1,220-2,100 m) [14]. In Idaho it occurs at elevations up to about 6,500 feet (1,950 m) [26,42]. In Blaine and Elmore Counties of Idaho, Owyhee sage typically occurs above 5,500 feet (1,680 m) and below 7,000 feet (2,130 m), between Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis) and mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana) communities (personal communication [31]). It was collected in Elmore County, Idaho, at 5,500 feet (1,680 m) [18] and observed in Owyhee County, Idaho, at 5,720 feet (1,740 m) [20]. A fact sheet lists Owyhee sage occurring from 6,300 to 6,700 feet (1,920-2,042 m) in Nevada [36], while a flora of the Intermountain West notes its occurrence from 4,600 to 6,900 feet (1,400-2,100 m) [14].

Soil: Characteristic Owyhee sage sites have shallow [24,26,42], stony [20,26,42] soils over basalt bedrock [26,42] and are ephemerally saturated or flooded [24,26,42,49]. Examples include poorly drained basalt tables with skeletal soils [43] and the shallow and poorly drained soils in rocky swales of "biscuit and swale" patterned ground [24]. Topography and/or frozen soil limits drainage in winter and spring, resulting in saturated or flooded soils. By summer, Owyhee sage communities are dry [19,43]. Shallow soils of Owyhee sage sites are similar to low sagebrush sites [43], specifically those of gray low sagebrush (A. arbuscula subsp. arbuscula) and alkali sagebrush (personal communication [31]), except that Owyhee sage communities are restricted to sites with "very shallow to almost no soil over the skeletal basalt" [43]. Owyhee sage has also been observed in heavy clay soils [26,42]. In southwestern Idaho, scattered individuals occurred in a silver sagebrush community on deep alluvium of heavy clay with poor drainage [42]. Owyhee sage is fairly tolerant of alkaline [13,14,23] and saline [18] soils.

Climate: Average annual temperatures in regions where Owyhee sage may occur range from 35 °F (2 °C) in the Owyhee Uplands to 58 °F (13 °C) in the Snake River Plain. Average annual temperatures in southern Idaho range from 37 °F to 52 °F (2.8-11.1 °C) [26]. Annual temperatures in the Owyhee Uplands are slightly cooler, averaging 35 °F to 45 °F (2-8 °C) [11]. On the Snake River Plain annual temperatures are warmer, averaging 40 °F to 58 °F (4-13 °C) [12]. The growing season on the Owyhee Uplands is typically from 90 to 120 days but may be less than 60 days at high elevations [11]. On the Snake River Plain the growing season ranges from 60 to 165 days, with sites in the east or at high elevations having shorter growing seasons than those in the west or at low elevations [12].

Annual precipitation in regions where Owyhee sage may occur ranges from a low of 5 inches (127 mm) in parts of the Snake River Plain [12] to 20 inches (508 mm) in southern Idaho [26]. In southwestern Idaho, an area where Owyhee sage is fairly common, annual precipitation ranges from 7 to 15 inches (200-400 mm) [11,18]. Generally the western portion of Idaho receives most of this precipitation in winter, with less than 35% falling from April through September [26]. In the Owyhee Uplands of southwestern Idaho and adjacent Oregon, precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year but is lower from mid-summer to autumn. Thus summers are dry, with precipitation equaling about 20% of evaporation during the frost-free period [11]. Owyhee sage's ability to tolerate drought was ranked as intermediate [18].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
As of 2009, no information was available on Owyhee sage's successional status. However, the specificity of characteristic habitat (see Soil), apparent long-lived nature of Owyhee sage [36], and the tendency of other sagebrush species [4], including low sagebrush [51] and stiff sagebrush [15,25,41], to persist as edaphic climax communities, suggest that Owyhee sage may form climax communities on suitable sites.

FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT

• FIRE EFFECTS
• FUELS AND FIRE REGIMES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Immediate fire effect on plant: Available information suggests that Owyhee sage would likely be killed by fire. In a table of ecological characteristics, Owyhee sage is listed as not layering or sprouting in response to fire [18]. Several other dwarf sagebrush species, such as low, black [8,9], and stiff sagebrushes [16], are sensitive to fire damage.

Postfire regeneration strategy [48]:
Shrub without adventitious buds and without a sprouting root crown

Possible:
Initial off-site colonizer (off site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer (on- or off-site seed sources)

Fire adaptations and plant response to fire:
Information available as of 2009 suggests that Owyhee sage does not have morphological or other adaptations that would contribute to postfire survival [18]. On the Owyhee Uplands, fire typically results in replacement of late-seral species with grasses and forbs [11]. The duration of this change is not discussed. In a sagebrush-grass rangeland in the upper Snake River Plains of Idaho, mountain big sagebrush had not quite recovered to prefire levels 30 years following fire [22].

More research is needed on the optimal conditions for Owyhee sage germination and establishment to determine if recruitment is likely to occur on recently burned sites. Establishment of Owyhee sagebrush following fire is likely influenced by site conditions such as moisture availability. Low sagebrush recovery following fire may take 2 to 5 years when regeneration conditions are favorable [7]. In dry years, fire may have more long-term impacts because it could exacerbate drought stress [2,54].

Fire characteristics, such as season and patchiness, are also likely to influence establishment of Owyhee sage in recently burned sites. Fires during summer generally have more negative impacts on sagebrush communities than those in fall or early spring. This is mainly due to greater damage to herbaceous perennials and risk of erosion following summer fires [2,6,9,56]. Black sagebrush had not established on a site in Utah 2 years after a late July fire [52]. However, Bunting and others [9] report that late summer rains occasionally result in fall green-up of vegetation of the Owyhee Plateau and note that burning during such periods may cause more mortality than late summer burning, when plants are dormant. According the FEIS review of black sagebrush, short seed dispersal distance could lengthen recovery time in uniform burns compared to patchy burns. In general, sagebrush recruitment is regularly observed on sites of small-scale disturbances where there is little competition from adult plants or understory species [34].

FUELS AND FIRE REGIMES:
Fire is likely rare in Owyhee sage communities due to a lack of fuel. Most of the cover in an Owyhee sage ephemeral wetland community in southwestern Idaho was soil and gravel [37]. Sites with Dermatocarpon lichen, which is associated with Owyhee sage, had sparse vegetation and litter [45]. Owyhee sage has been observed to accumulate little standing biomass (personal communication [31]). This lack of fuel and the rarity of fire in other dwarf sagebrush communities with similar lack of fuels [2,6,9,16,56] suggest Owyhee sage communities would have long fire-return intervals. Typically more than 600 to 700 pounds of herbaceous fuels per acre are necessary for fire to carry in sagebrush grasslands [2]. Thus, Owyhee sage is most likely to experience fire in communities dominated by other species, such as silver sagebrush (personal communication [44]). See the Fire Regime Table for further information on fire regimes of vegetation communities in which Owyhee sage may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

Dwarf sagebrush communities [1,2,9], including those dominated by Owyhee sage (personal communication [44]), may serve as natural fire breaks. For instance, a low sagebrush community in Nevada did not burn on a hot day in mid-August despite wind speeds of up to 25 miles/hour (40.3 km/hour) [2]. Fire risk in dwarf sagebrush communities is likely to increase in years with above average production [9], or on sites invaded by annual grasses such as medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) [55] or cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) [32]. Cheatgrass is a general concern in the Snake River Plain, where fire-return intervals decreased from 60 to 100 years to about 5 years following conversion of sagebrush steppe to annual grassland [53]. Grazing was of management concern in stiff and Owyhee sage communities due to possible invasion of cheatgrass and the resulting increases in fire frequency [26]. For more information on changes in fuel loads in low sagebrush communities, see its FEIS review.

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Owyhee sage communities rarely burn due to a lack of fuels [37,45]. Therefore, they may serve as natural fire breaks. Fire is most likely to affect Owyhee sage where it is not a dominant species (personal communication [44]), in years with above average productivity, and on sites where invasive annuals have established. High mortality of Owyhee sagebrush is expected following fire. Recovery time is unknown, as are the factors that have the greatest influence on recovery time. In general, sagebrush sites may need assessment following fire to determine whether steps should be taken to prevent establishment of invasive species [26].

Due to the difficulty of burning, the lack of noticeable increases in forage production following burning on generally unproductive sites [9], and the forage value of some dwarf sagebrushes [2,6,56], prescribed fires are generally not recommended in dwarf sagebrush communities. In addition, the openness of Owyhee sage sites [13,23] and the occurrence of wind erosion in the Owyhee Uplands [11] suggest postfire erosion could pose a potential problem in some Owyhee sage communities. However, Owyhee sage occurs on sites with gentle topography and shallow soils, so the extent of erosion and its impacts on Owyhee sage are uncertain. Guidelines for burning big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) communities to improve habitat diversity or forage production include limiting burning to sites with at least 600 to 700 pounds of fine fuels per acre [2], 30% sagebrush cover, and 20% herbaceous perennial cover [39,56]. This suggests that conditions appropriate for burning are unlikely to occur in Owyhee sage sites.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO WILDLIFE AND LIVESTOCK
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES
• OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMPORTANCE TO WILDLIFE AND LIVESTOCK:
Owyhee sage leaves are generally unpalatable, while the mature flowering stalks are eaten by many wildlife species [43] and domestic sheep [42]. Horses have been observed eating Owyhee sage leaves [43].

Cover value of Owyhee sage is low. However, where Owyhee sage communities are adjacent to big sagebrush they may provide strutting habitat and possibly limited forage for greater sage-grouse [19]

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
No information is available on this topic.

OTHER USES:
No information is available on this topic.

OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
The Owyhee Uplands are used for livestock grazing, farming, and recreation and are susceptible to water and wind erosion [11]. According to a review of biological soil crusts in Artemisia communities, management concerns in Owyhee sage communities are the same as those in stiff sagebrush communities and include grazing that causes increased cover of cheatgrass and increased fire frequency (see Fuels and Fire Regimes) [26].

APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE

The following table provides fire regime information on communities where Owyhee sage may occur. Fire regimes in Owyhee sage communities may be similar to black and low sagebrush communities due to similarities in structure, fuel loads, and productivity. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

Artemisia papposa: REFERENCES

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