|
|
FEIS Home Page |
|
 |
 | |
| Image ©2003 Michael Charters. | Image © Mary Ellen (Mel) Harte, www.forestryimages.org. |
| AK | AZ | CA | CO | CT | ID | IL |
| IA | KS | MA | MN | MO | MT | NE |
| NV | NJ | NM | ND | OR | SD | TX |
| UT | WA | WI | WY |
| AB | BC | MB | ON | SK | YK |
| Chic. |
Northwestern United States: In Montana, tarragon is associated with sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass (Artemisia spp.) communities. Other species within this community include soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and blue grama (B. gracilis). Tarragon is also found within the skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata)/bluebunch wheatgrass community. Additional species in this community include soapweed yucca, wax currant (Ribes cereum) and buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.) [13]. Forbs associated with tarragon include ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) in Montana [44] and rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) in Wyoming [51]. Tarragon can also be found within Pacific ponderosa pine stands (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) [14,44].
Southwestern United States: In the southwestern states, tarragon is found in pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodland and interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) forest types [38,39,55,124]. In interior ponderosa pine forests, it occurs with mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia montana), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and western yarrow (Achillea millefolium) [94]. In Arizona it occurs alongside rubber rabbitbrush, Apache-plume (Fallugia paradoxa), beardlip penstemon (Penstemon barbatus), and common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) [39], and has been identified at Oregon Pipe Cactus National Monument [98]. Plant associates in New Mexico include goldenweed (Pyrrocoma spp.), prairie sagebrush (Artemisia frigida), tailcup lupine (Lupinus caudataus), gayfeather (Liatris punctata), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rubber rabbitbrush, sandbar willow (Salix exigua), and black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) [22,37,38]. In southwestern New Mexico, tarragon was present 44 years after cessation of livestock grazing, occurring in the boxelder-Arizona alder (Acer negundo-Alnus oblongifolia) community type [84].
In Utah tarragon is associated with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), fir-spruce (Picea-Abies spp.), salt desert shrub, and hanging garden communities. It can be found with rubber rabbitbrush, sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), and wildrye (Elymus spp.) [124]. In Zion National Park tarragon is both common and modal in abandoned fields [49] and constitutes 2% of cover in quaking aspen communities [125]. In northern Utah it occurs on mountain grasslands where bluebunch wheatgrass is dominant [115].
In Colorado tarragon is found in marshes along the Colorado River with bushy bluestem (Andropogon glomeratus), yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) [113]. It occurs within 4 steppe communities in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range, constituting 0% cover and 1% frequency in big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), porcupine grass (Hesperostipa spartea), and New Mexico feathergrass (H. neomexicana) communities and 4% cover and 34% frequency in the needle-and-thread grass (H. comata) community [88]. It has been found in little bluestem-sideoats grama (Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua curtipendula) community types [74] and on a disturbed site with Thurber fescue (Festuca thurberi), western yarrow, and dandelion [73].
In Nevada tarragon is found predominantly in the willow (Salix spp.) community types. It is associated primarily with stream benches, but also occurs on terraces, floodplains, seeps, and meadows. Its highest percentage and greatest range of average cover (1%-35%) occurs in the yellow willow (S. lutea)-mesic forb community type while its highest constancy occurs in the conifer-mesic forb community type [78]. In Texas, tarragon is found with manyflowered stoneseed (Lithospermum multiflorum) on Mount Livermore [56].
Great Plains: In North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, tarragon occurs in the little bluestem-sideoats grama community type [74]. It is found in the Black Hills of South Dakota with sedges (Carex spp.), blue grama, western wheatgrass, and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) [92], and occurs in the tallgrass prairie systems with big bluestem, little bluestem, Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) [53]. In Nebraska, it associates with prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), sand bluestem (A. gerardii var. paucipilus), and little bluestem [21].
Tarragon in the northern Great Plains can be found with western wheatgrass, blue grama, needle-and-thread grass, and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana) [61]. In green needlegrass communities of western North Dakota, it is associated with blue lettuce (Lactuca pulchella) [103] and prairie reedgrass (Calamovilfa longifolia) [28].
Tarragon in southwestern North Dakota is associated with multiple habitat and community types. One of the habitat types in which tarragon is dominant is the prairie sandreed-threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia)-needle-and-thread grass habitat, where rush skeletonplant (Lygodesmia juncea) is a characteristic forb. The 2nd type in which tarragon is characteristic is the needle-and-thread grass-threadleaf sedge-needleleaf sedge-sun sedge (Carex duriuscula-C. heliophila) habitat, where fringed sagebrush and prairie sage (Artemisia ludoviciana) are characteristic forbs. Other habitat types where tarragon was found include mountain big sagebrush-blue grama, mountain big sagebrush-shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), sand bluestem-prairie sandreed, western wheatgrass-needle-and-thread, western wheatgrass-blue grama, and little bluestem-creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) [57]. The community types that tarragon is associated with in southwestern North Dakota include prairie sandreed-needle-and-thread grass-threadleaf sedge, western wheatgrass-needle-and-thread grass-blue grama, western wheatgrass-green needlegrass-blue grama, western wheatgrass-blue grama-buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), and little bluestem-needle-and-thread grass-threadleaf sedge [126].Tarragon is a woody, native perennial shrub with stem heights ranging from 15.7 to 59.1 inches (40-150 cm). Aerial stems arise from thick, horizontal rhizomes growing in clusters and singly. Leaves are alternate, 0.5 to 3.1 inches long (1.2-8.0 cm), and 0.04 to 0.24 inch (1-6 mm) wide. Basal leaves are cleft with 1 to 3 lobes. The inflorescence is a panicle with numerous flowers. Outer florets are pistillate and fertile, central flowers are sterile, and ovaries are abortive. The seeds are achenes. Seed size is approximately 0.06 inch (1.5 mm) in length.
Tarragon supports large numbers of adventitious roots containing interxylary cork (formed within xylem tissue), offering the plant protection in xeric habitats [89]. One individual in Los Alamos, New Mexico was found to have a rooting depth of 83.9 inches (213 cm) [38]. Tarragon forms associations with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae [96].
RAUNKIAER [102]
LIFE FORM:
Geophyte
REGENERATION
PROCESSES:
Tarragon reproduces both sexually and vegetatively [27].
Vegetative reproduction is from rhizomes [116,123].
Breeding system: Population outcrossing has been documented for sagebrush species [80].
Pollination: Sagebrush species are wind and self-pollinated [80], with insect-assisted pollination likely [120].
Seed production: When grown for culinary or medicinal purposes, it is reported that tarragon rarely produces seed [112]. When grown hydroponically, tarragon was reported to produce no seed at all [1].
Seed dispersal: Artemisia species are not able to disperse seeds far from the mother plant [120].
Seed banking: No information is available on this topic.
Germination: Commercially grown tarragon requires 10 to 14 days to germinate. Germination is dependant upon soil characteristics and weather conditions [131].
Seedling establishment/growth: No information is available on this topic.
Asexual regeneration: Tarragon regeneration is most commonly a result of rhizome sprouts [116,123].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:| State or province |
Location description | Elevation range | Precipitation range |
| AK | Rocky slopes and roadsides [62] | ---- | ---- |
| AZ | Deep, well drained cinder soils [39] Rocky, arid ranges [15] |
3,600-7,550 ft (1,097-2,301 m) [10,15,39] | 6.8-26.0 inches (173-660 mm) [39] |
| CA | Arid mesas, hillsides, pine woodlands, and
meadows [127] Sandy, rocky alluvia [47] Outwash fans and riverine deposits [47] Dry sandy to gravelly soils from granitic parent material [91] |
7,300-11,000 ft (2,225-3,353 m) [90,91] | average 18.1 inches (460 mm) [47] |
| CO | Upland loess deposits [74] Undeveloped rocky and gravelly soils [82] Sandy, dry marshes and riparian areas [50,113] Well drained shale sediment [88] |
1,325-10,300 ft (404-3,139 m) [27,50,104,113] | average 8.5-12.3 inches (215-312 mm) [50,113] |
| ID | Limestone derived from Paleozoic marine rocks [25] Abandoned hayfields and pastures created in riparian zones [95] |
---- | ---- |
| IL | Dry sand and gravel prairies and barrens [52] | ---- | ---- |
| KS | Upland loess deposits [74] | ---- | ---- |
| MT | Stony, shallow, well-drained soils [44] Mesoxeric to xeric dry valley zones [71] Silt loam soils [48] Medium to coarse-textured soils [33] Steep, rocky, wind blown slopes with little vegetation [109] |
3,000-8,202 ft (914-2,500 m) [27,44,48,81] | average 11.6-50+ inches (294-1270 mm) [29,44,48] |
| NE | Upland loess deposits [74] | ---- | average 22.0 inches (560 mm) [21] |
| NM | Dry open slopes and plains [79] Gentle slopes, sandy loam to sandy in texture [18] Erosion channel bisecting a floodplain [22] |
5,387-8,000 ft (1,642-2,438 m) [18,38,79] | average 8.1-15.0 inches (206-380 mm) [18,22] |
| NV | Stream benches, elevated terraces, meadow seeps and floodplains [78] | 5,052-10,203 ft (1,540-3,110 m) [78] | |
| ND | Upland loess deposits Fluvial sand and gravel capped with aeolian sand and silt [19] Fine textured shallow soils; Rolling sandy uplands with well-drained soils; uplands and flat terraces with loam to clay soils; level or hummocky terraces with loam to clay soils [57] Excessively drained, poorly structured sandy and sandy loam soils [16] Silty range site; glacial till site; silty ridges and hilltops [103] |
---- | 5.7-27.0 inches (145-686 mm) [16,19] |
| SD | Upland loess deposits [74] Well developed limestone derived soil [92] |
---- | ---- |
| TX | ---- | 1,000-8,751 ft (305-2,667 m) [56,100] | ---- |
| UT | Xeric portions of prairie vegetation types [115] Mid-elevation open mountain slopes [118] |
4,003-11,000 ft (1,220-3,353 m) [27,49,124] | 10.0-18.0 inches (254-456 mm) [49] |
| WA | Gravelly, sandy loam with moderate permeability [110] | 1,099 ft (335 m) [110] | average 18.1-24.0 inches (460-610 mm) [110] |
| WY | ---- | 3,700-8,400 ft (1,128-2,560 m) [27] | ---- |
| AB | ---- | 3,300-4,000 ft (1,006-1,219 m) [12] | ---- |
| BC | ---- | 1,312-3,117 ft (400-950 m) [76] | ---- |
On a subalpine Earth flow that occurred in Colorado around 1923, tarragon was characteristic of both flow and slump areas during the 7-year period in which vegetation studies were being conducted (1947-1954, with the exception of 1953). It occupied both areas of disturbance with equal density and was important in both floodplain and xeric site revegetation [73].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:Fire regimes: Tarragon is present in a variety of community types with a wide range of fire regimes associated with them. In ponderosa pine ecosystem types, understory fires occur at intervals of 2 to 10 years and mixed-severity fires occur from less than 35- to 200-year intervals. In pinyon-juniper ecosystems, tarragon experiences fire return intervals of less than 35 years [93].
The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where tarragon is important. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".
| Community or Ecosystem | Dominant Species | Fire Return Interval Range (years) |
| bluestem prairie | Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium | <10 [66,93] |
| Nebraska sandhills prairie | Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus-Schizachyrium scoparium | <10 |
| sagebrush steppe | Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata | 20-70 [93] |
| basin big sagebrush | Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata | 12-43 [107] |
| mountain big sagebrush | Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana | 15-40 [5,17,85] |
| plains grasslands | Bouteloua spp. | <35 [93,129] |
| blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass | Bouteloua gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii | <35 [93,105,129] |
| paloverde-cactus shrub | Parkinsonia microphylla/Opuntia spp. | <35 to <100 [93] |
| wheatgrass plains grasslands | Pascopyrum smithii | <5-47+ [93,101,129] |
| pinyon-juniper | Pinus-Juniperus spp. | <35 [93] |
| Pacific ponderosa pine* | Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa | 1-47 [4] |
| interior ponderosa pine* | Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum | 2-30 [4,6,75] |
| mountain grasslands | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 3-40 (µ=10) [3,4] |
| little bluestem-grama prairie | Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. | <35 [93] |
On Hightower Mountain in western Colorado, tarragon experienced a 90% reduction in population 2 years following a prescribed burn. Composition of the population dropped from 0.11% to 0.01% [68]. In Los Alamos, New Mexico, tarragon constituted 0.14% actual cover and 0.30% relative cover in an area that had burned in 1960. After the 1977 La Mesa fire, studies conducted to determine long-term vegetative impacts found no tarragon 1, 8, or 16 years after the fire [37].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:Tarragon is listed as a warm season, native perennial range plant in Montana [70] and increases with browsing pressure in western North Dakota [103].
Palatability/nutritional value: Reports on the palatability of tarragon vary by region, habitat type, and foraging species. In west-central Montana, bighorn sheep, elk, white-tailed deer, and mule deer browse on tarragon associated with bunchgrass communities; steep, rocky, wind blown slopes; and a 40- to 50-year-old burn [109]. A study conducted in eastern Washington found tarragon fair to poor in palatability while finding that populations of tarragon increase as a response to browsing [110]. In Wyoming, tarragon provides important forage for pronghorn during winter months and during spring and summer green-up [51] while providing seeds for sharp-tailed grouse in western states [116,117].
Tarragon in the northern Great Plains was rated 30% in palatability for cattle. It is aromatic but not bitter and does not do well under heavy browsing pressure [108]. Elsewhere in the Great Plains, tarragon is considered to have little value as forage [64] and in Nebraska is not browsed by cattle in June or July [21]. In Trans-Pecos Texas, it is considered good forage for cattle and wildlife [100].
Tarragon provides valuable forage for domestic sheep but has little value for cattle in western states [116,117]. Dittberner and Olson [27] report the palatability and nutritional value of tarragon for wildlife and domestic livestock in several western states as follows:
| Colorado | North Dakota | Utah | Montana | Wyoming | |
| Cattle | Poor | Poor | Fair | Poor | Poor |
| Domestic sheep | Fair | Fair | Good | Fair | Fair |
| Horses | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| Pronghorn | ---- | Poor | Fair | Poor | ---- |
| Elk | Poor | ---- | Fair | Poor | ---- |
| Mule deer | Poor | Poor | Good | Poor | ---- |
| Small mammals | ---- | ---- | Fair | ---- | ---- |
| Small nongame birds | ---- | ---- | Fair | ---- | ---- |
| Upland nongame birds | ---- | ---- | Fair | ---- | ---- |
| Waterfowl | ---- | ---- | Poor | ---- | ---- |
Cover value: Tarragon cover for wildlife is rated as follows [27]:
| Colorado | North Dakota | Utah | |
| Elk | ---- | ---- | Poor |
| Mule deer | ---- | Fair | Poor |
| White-tailed deer | ---- | Poor | ---- |
| Pronghorn | ---- | Fair | Poor |
| Small mammals | Fair | ---- | Good |
| Upland game birds | ---- | ---- | Poor |
| Small nongame birds | Poor | ---- | Fair |
| Waterfowl | ---- | ---- | Poor |
In western North Dakota, tarragon made up 28% of the species found in unbrowsed plains grasslands bordering active mining sites, indicating a potential source for seed when reclaiming surface mine sites [63]. It has been suggested that tarragon also be investigated for its ability to regenerate salt desert shrub ranges [99].
OTHER USES:In western Colorado, the effects of spraying, burning, and chaining were evaluated for their effectiveness in increasing forage for deer, elk, and cattle. Although none of the treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) with effect to tarragon production, spraying reduced percent composition from 0.46%-0.01%, burning from 0.11%-0.01%, and chaining increased percent composition from 0.00%-0.01% [68].
Tarragon is one species of sagebrush which is fed upon in small amounts by the sagebrush grasshopper (Melanoplus bowditchi) [97]. In semiarid mountain ecosystems, the presence of ant mounds was positively correlated (p<0.01) to the occurrence of tarragon within a 3m radius of the mound [18].
Volatile oils found in tarragon can cause skin irritation in livestock [116,117].1. Agro Dynamics. 2005. Hydroponic herb growing instruction: Tarragon - perennial, [Online]. In: Hydroponics 101. Grodan Inc. (Producer). Available: http://www.hydroponics 101.com/sw47715.asp [2005, July 27]. [53841]
2. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
3. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the Northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465. [11990]
4. Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 97-120. [36984]
5. Arno, Stephen F.; Gruell, George E. 1983. Fire history at the forest-grassland ecotone in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 36(3): 332-336. [342]
6. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
7. Bare, Janet E. 1979. Wildflowers and weeds of Kansas. Lawrence, KS: The Regents Press of Kansas. 509 p. [3801]
8. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]
9. Booth, W. E.; Wright, J. C. 1962 [Revised]. Flora of Montana: Part II--Dicotyledons. Bozeman, MT: Montana State College, Department of Botany and Bacteriology. 280 p. [47286]
10. Bowers, Janice E.; McLaughlin, Steven P. 1987. Flora and vegetation of the Rincon Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Desert Plants. 8(2): 50-94. [495]
11. Bowns, James E.; Bagley, Calvin F. 1986. Vegetation responses to long-term sheep grazing on mountain ranges. Journal of Range Management. 39(5): 431-434. [15584]
12. Breitung, August J. 1954. A botanical survey of the Cypress Hills. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 68: 55-92. [6262]
13. Brown, Ray W. 1971. Distribution of plant communities in southeastern Montana badlands. The American Midland Naturalist. 85(2): 458-477. [546]
14. Brown, Raymond William, Jr. 1965. The distribution of plant communities in the badlands of southeastern Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 145 p. Thesis. [46903]
15. Buegge, J. Jeremy. 2001. Flora of the Santa Teresa Mountains in Graham County, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 33(2): 132-149. [45078]
16. Burgess, Robert L. 1965. A study of plant succession in the sandhills of southeastern North Dakota. In: 57th annual proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science; 1965 May 7-8; Grand Forks, ND. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science: 62-80. [4471]
17. Burkhardt, Wayne J.; Tisdale, E. W. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology. 57: 472-484. [565]
18. Carlson, Stan R.; Whitford, Walter G. 1991. Ant mound influence on vegetation and soils in a semiarid mountain ecosystem. The American Midland Naturalist. 126(1): 125-139. [50251]
19. Clambey, Gary K. 1992. Ecological aspects of the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, west-central North Dakota. In: Smith, Daryl D.; Jacobs, Carol A., eds. Recapturing a vanishing heritage: Proceedings, 12th North American prairie conference; 1990 August 5-9; Cedar Falls, IA. Cedar Falls, IA: University of Northern Iowa: 75-78. [24719]
20. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; [and others]. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5. Asterales. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 496 p. [28653]
21. Cullan, Andrew P.; Reece, Patrick E.; Schacht, Walter H. 1999. Early summer grazing effects on defoliation and tiller demography of prairie sandreed. Journal of Range Management. 52(5): 447-453. [41384]
22. Cully, Anne C.; Cully, Jack F., Jr. 1989. Spatial and temporal variability in perennial and annual vegetation at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The Great Basin Naturalist. 49(1): 113-122. [6742]
23. Cutright, Paul Russell. 1989. Lewis and Clark: pioneering naturalists. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, First Bison Book. 506 p. [20300]
24. Dale, Nancy. 1986. Flowering plants: The Santa Monica Mountains, coastal and chaparral regions of southern California. Santa Barbara, CA: Capra Press. In cooperation with: The California Native Plant Society. 239 p. [7605]
25. Davis, Cleve. 2003. Plant species of the Deep Creek Mountains. Technical Bulletin No. 03-5. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office. 22 p. [45856]
26. Diggs, George M., Jr.; Lipscomb, Barney L.; O'Kennon, Robert J. 1999. Illustrated flora of north-central Texas. Sida Botanical Miscellany No. 16. Fort Worth, TX: Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 1626 p. [35698]
27. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
28. Dix, Ralph L. 1960. The effects of burning on the mulch structure and species composition of grasslands in western North Dakota. Ecology. 41(1): 49-56. [808]
29. Dolan, John Joseph. 1966. Long-term responses of dense clubmoss (Selaginella densa Rydb.) to range renovation practices in northern Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 83 p. Thesis. [12330]
30. Dorn, Robert D. 1977. Flora of the Black Hills. [Place of publication unknown]: Robert D. Dorn and Jane L. Dorn. 377 p. [820]
31. Dorn, Robert D. 1984. Vascular plants of Montana. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 276 p. [819]
32. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
33. Eddleman, Lee E. 1978. Survey of viability of indigenous grasses, forbs and shrubs: techniques for initial acquisition and treatment for propagation in preparation for future land reclamation in the Fort Union Basin. RLO-2232-T2-3: Annual Progress Report--June 1, 1977 to May 31, 1978. [Prepared for U.S. Energy and Development Contract No. EY-76-S-06-2232, Task Agreement #2]. 232 p. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [5639]
34. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
35. Fairaizl, Steven D. 1978. Bighorn sheep in North Dakota: population estimates, food habits and their biogeochemistry. Grand Forks, ND: University of North Dakota. 83 p. Thesis. [Project No.: W-67-R-17. Bismark, ND: North Dakota State Game and Fish Department. 51 p. + appendices]. [25841]
36. Flora of North America Association. 2004. Flora of North America: The flora. [Online]. Flora of North America Association (Producer). Available: http://www.fna.org/FNA. [36990]
37. Foxx, Teralene S. 1996. Vegetation succession after the La Mesa Fire at Bandelier National Monument. In: Allen, Craig D., ed. Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proceedings, 2nd La Mesa fire symposium; 1994 March 29-31; Los Alamos, NM. RM-GTR-286. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 47-69. [27283]
38. Foxx, Teralene S.; Tierney, Gail D. 1987. Rooting patterns in the pinyon-juniper woodland. In: Everett, Richard L., compiler. Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference; 1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 69-79. [4790]
39. Fule, Peter Z.; Springer, Judith D.; Huffman, David W.; Covington, W. Wallace. 2001. Response of a rare endemic, Penstemon clutei, to burning and reduced belowground competition. In: Maschinski, Joyce; Holter, Louella, tech. coords. Southwestern rare and endangered plants: Proceedings of the 3rd conference; 2000 September 25-28; Flagstaff, AZ. Proceedings RMRS-P-23. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 139-152. [40601]
40. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; Lewis, Mont E.; Smith, Dixie R. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
41. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329]
42. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
43. Griffin, James R. 1974. Notes on environment, vegetation and flora: Hastings Natural History Reservation. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 90 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [10531]
44. Habeck, James R. 1980. Mormon Ridge fire ecology/game range restoration project. Missoula, MT: Lolo National Forest, Missoula Ranger District; Contract completion report. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 26 p. [5293]
45. Hall, Harvey M.; Clements, Frederic E. 1923. The phylogenetic method in taxonomy: the North American species of Artemisia, Chrysothamnus, and Atriplex. Publication No. 326. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Institute of Washington. 355 p. [43183]
46. Hammond, Catherine R. 1976. A gallery of herbs: A botanical guide to some common and uncommon herbs. Horticulture. 54(3): 52-63. [3025]
47. Hanes, Ted L.; Friesen, Richard D.; Keane, Kathy. 1989. Alluvial scrub vegetation in coastal southern California. In: Protection, management, and restoration for the 1990's: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems conference; 1988 September 22-24; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 187-193. [13882]
48. Hansen, John Jesse. 1987. Effect of stock density on ground cover on a southwest Montana foothills rangeland. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 65 p. Thesis. [46909]
49. Harper, K. T.; Sanderson, Stewart C.; McArthur, E. Durant. 2001. Quantifying plant diversity in Zion National Park, Utah. In: McArthur, E. Durant; Fairbanks, Daniel J., compilers. Shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity: proceedings; 2000 June 13-15; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-21. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 318-324. [41997]
50. Hazlett, Donald L.; Sawyer, Neil W. 1998. Distribution of alkaloid-rich plant species in shortgrass steppe vegetation. Conservation Biology. 12(6): 1260-1268. [49041]
51. Hepworth, Bill. 1965. Investigation of pronghorn antelope in Wyoming. In: Proceedings of the 1st annual antelope states workshop; 1965 April 14-15; Santa Fe, NM. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Fish and Game: 1-12. [25720]
52. Herkert, James R., editor. 1991. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution: Volume 1--Plants. Springfield, IL: Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. 158 p. [23837]
53. Higgins, Jeremy J.; Larson, Gary E.; Higgins, Kenneth F. 2001. Floristic comparisons of tallgrass prairie remnants managed by different land stewardships in eastern South Dakota. In: Bernstein, Neil P.; Ostrander, Laura J., eds. Seeds for the future; roots of the past: Proceedings of the 17th North American prairie conference; 2000 July 16-20; Mason City, IA. Mason City, IA: North Iowa Area Community College: 21-31. [46489]
54. Higgins, Kenneth F.; Barker, William T. 1982. Changes in vegetation structure in seeded nesting cover in the prairie pothole region. Special Scientific Report--Wildlife No. 242. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 27 p. [37248]
55. Hill, Alison; Pieper, Rex D.; Southward, G. Morris. 1992. Habitat-type classification of the pinyon-juniper woodlands in western New Mexico. Bulletin 766. Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station. 80 p. [37374]
56. Hinckley, L. C. 1944. The vegetation of the Mount Livermore area in Texas. The American Midland Naturalist. 32: 236-250. [4451]
57. Hirsch, Kathie Jean. 1985. Habitat classification of grasslands and shrublands of southwestern North Dakota. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University. 281 p. Dissertation. [40326]
58. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
59. Hoffman, G. R.; Hazlett, D. L. 1977. Effects of aqueous Artemisia extracts and volatile substances on germination of selected species. Journal of Range Management. 30(2): 134-137. [23850]
60. Holiday, Susan. 2000. A floristic study of Tsegi Canyon, Arizona. Madrono. 47(1): 29-42. [38998]
61. Holscher, Clark E.; Woolfolk, E. J. 1953. Forage utilization by cattle on northern Great Plains ranges. Circular No. 918. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 27 p. [5205]
62. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
63. Iverson, Louis R.; Wali, Mohan K. 1982. Buried, viable seeds and their relation to revegetation after surface mining. Journal of Range Management. 35(5): 648-652. [23855]
64. Johnson, James R.; Nichols, James T. 1970. Plants of South Dakota grasslands: A photographic study. Bull. 566. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 163 p. [18500]
65. Kartesz, John T.; Meacham, Christopher A. 1999. Synthesis of the North American flora (Windows Version 1.0), [CD-ROM]. Available: North Carolina Botanical Garden. In cooperation with the Nature Conservancy, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [2001, January 16]. [36715]
66. Kucera, Clair L. 1981. Grasslands and fire. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; Lotan, J. E.; Reiners, W. A., technical coordinators. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 90-111. [4389]
67. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]
68. Kufeld, Roland C.; Stewart, Larry. 1975. Experimental improvement of oakbrush on deer, elk and cattle ranges - Hightower Mountain. Project No. W-101-R-17: Game Range Investigations. Work Plan No. 4: Job No. 3. Job Progress Report: April 1, 1974 through March 31, 1975. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Fish and Game: 25-92. [16427]
69. Kufeld, Roland C.; Wallmo, O. C.; Feddema, Charles. 1973. Foods of the Rocky Mountain mule deer. Res. Pap. RM-111. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 31 p. [1387]
70. Lacey, John; Mosley, John. 2002. 250 plants for range contests in Montana. MONTGUIDE MT198402 AG 6/2002. Range E-2 (Misc.). Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Extension Service. 4 p. [43671]
71. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1986. Plants of west-central Montana--identification and ecology: annotated checklist. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-217. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 128 p. [2955]
72. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
73. Langenheim, Jean H. 1956. Plant succession on a subalpine earthflow in Colorado. Ecology. 37(2): 301-317. [50443]
74. Lauver, Chris L.; Kindscher, Kelly; Faber-Langendoen, Don; Schneider, Rick. 1999. A classification of the natural vegetation of Kansas. The Southwestern Naturalist. 44(4): 421-443. [38847]
75. Laven, R. D.; Omi, P. N.; Wyant, J. G.; Pinkerton, A. S. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 46-49. [7183]
76. Lloyd, D.; Angove, K.; Hope, G.; Thompson, C. 1990. A guide to site identification and interpretation for the Kamloops Forest Region. Part 1. Land Management Handbook No. 23. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch. 191 p. [37061]
77. Lynch, Daniel. 1955. Ecology of the aspen groveland in Glacier County, Montana. Ecological Monographs. 25(4): 321-344. [950]
78. Manning, Mary E.; Padgett, Wayne G. 1995. Riparian community type classification for Humboldt and Toiyabe National Forests, Nevada and eastern California. R4-Ecol-95-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 306 p. [42196]
79. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37176]
80. McArthur, E. Durant. 1994. Ecology, distribution, and values of sagebrush within the Intermountain Region. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Kitchen, Stanley G., compilers. Proceedings--ecology and management of annual rangelands; 1992 May 18-22; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 347-351. [24308]
81. McCarthy, Judith Colleen. 1996. A floristic survey of the Pryor Mountains, Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 93 p. Thesis. [46912]
82. McGinnies, William J.; Shantz, Homer L.; McGinnies, William G. 1991. Changes in vegetation and land use in eastern Colorado: A photographic study, 1904 to 1986. ARS-85. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 165 p. [18824]
83. McKell, Cyrus M.; Goodin, J. R. 1975. US arid shrublands in perspective. In: Hyder, Donald N., ed. Arid shrublands--proceedings, 3rd workshop of the United States/australia rangelands panel; 1973 March 26 - April 15; Tucson, AZ. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 12-18. [1614]
84. Medina, Alvin L. 1986. Riparian plant communities of the Fort Bayard watershed in southwestern New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist. 31(3): 345-359. [1629]
85. Miller, Richard F.; Rose, Jeffery A. 1995. Historic expansion of Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) in southeastern Oregon. The Great Basin Naturalist. 55(1): 37-45. [26637]
86. Missouri Department of Conservation. 2005. Missouri species and communities of conservation concern, [Online]. In: Endangered species. Columbia, MO: Missouri Department of Conservation (Producer). Available: http://www.mdc.mo.gov/documents/nathis/endangered/checklist.pdf [2005, July 25]. [53847]
87. Mohlenbrock, Robert H. 1986. [Revised edition]. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. 507 p. [17383]
88. Moir, William H. 1969. Steppe communities in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range and their relative productivities. The American Midland Naturalist. 81(2): 331-340. [11152]
89. Moss, E. H. 1940. Interxylary cork in Artemisia with a reference to its taxonomic significance. American Journal of Botany. 27(9): 762-768. [48735]
90. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
91. Norris, Larry L.; Brennan, David A. 1982. Sensitive plant species of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Tech. Rep. No. 8. Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, Institute of Ecology, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. 120 p. [18243]
92. Pase, Charles E.; Thilenius, John F. 1968. Composition, production, and site factors of some grasslands in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Res. Note RM-103. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 8 p. [5744]
93. Paysen, Timothy E.; Ansley, R. James; Brown, James K.; [and others]. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 121-159. [36978]
94. Pearson, G. A. 1931. Forest types in the Southwest as determined by climate and soil. Tech. Bull. 247. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 144 p. [3498]
95. Peek, James M. 2000. Shrub-steppe vegetation trend, Middle Fork Salmon River, Idaho. In: McCool, Stephen F.; Cole, David N.; Borrie, William T.; O'Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference: Proceedings; Volume 3: Wilderness as a place for scientific inquiry; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proc. RMRS-P-15-VOL-3. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 117-127. [39037]
96. Pendleton, R. I.; Smith, B. N. 1983. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of weedy and colonizer plant species at disturbed sites in Utah. Oecologia. 59: 296-301. [44055]
97. Pfadt, R. E. 1994. Species fact sheet--Sagebrush grasshopper (Melanoplus bowditchi Scudder). In: Field guide to common western grasshoppers. Bulletin 912. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. Available: http://www.sdvc.uwyo.edu/grasshopper/fieldgde.htm [2002, October 1]. [42042]
98. Pinkava, Donald J.; Baker, Marc A.; Johnson, Robert A.; [and others]. 1992. Additions, notes and chromosome numbers for the flora of vascular plants of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 24-25: 13-18. [18256]
99. Plummer, Perry A. 1966. Experience in improving salt desert shrub range by artificial planting. In: Salt desert shrub symposium: Proceedings; 1966 August 1-4; Cedar City, UT. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]: 130-146. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [37241]
100. Powell, A. Michael. 1988. Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas: Including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park, TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p. [6130]
101. Quinnild, Clayton L.; Cosby, Hugh E. 1958. Relicts of climax vegetation on two mesas in western North Dakota. Ecology. 39(1): 29-32. [1925]
102. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
103. Redmann, Robert E. 1975. Production ecology of grassland plant communities in western North Dakota. Ecological Monographs. 45: 83-106. [4601]
104. Riordan, Laurence E. 1958. Differences in range vegetation resulting from grazing by deer, cattle, and sheep. In: Proceedings: Society of American Foresters meeting; 1957 November 10-13; Syracuse, NY. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 147-151. [12082]
105. Rowe, J. S. 1969. Lightning fires in Saskatchewan grassland. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 83: 317-324. [6266]
106. Ryerson, D. E.; Taylor, J. E.; Baker, L. O.; [and others]. 1970. Clubmoss on Montana rangelands: Distribution, control, range relationships. Bulletin 645. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. 116 p. [10855]
107. Sapsis, David B. 1990. Ecological effects of spring and fall prescribed burning on basin big sagebrush/Idaho fescue--bluebunch wheatgrass communities. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 105 p. Thesis. [16579]
108. Sarvis, J. T. 1941. Grazing investigations on the Northern Great Plains. Bull. 307. Fargo, ND: North Dakota Experiment Station. 110 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Great Plains Field Station. [10853]
109. Schallenberger, Allen Dee. 1966. Food habits, range use and interspecific relationships of bighorn sheep in the Sun River area, west-central Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 44 p. Thesis. [43977]
110. Shanafelt, Bonita Joy. 2000. Effects of control measures on diffuse knapweed, plant diversity, and transitory soil seed-banks in eastern Washington. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences. 89 p. Thesis. [38405]
111. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]
112. Simon, James E.; Chadwick, Alena F.; Craker, Lyle E. 1984. Herbs: An indexed bibliography: 1971-1980. The scientific literature on selected herbs, and aromatic and medicinal plants of the temperate zone. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. 770 p. [53848]
113. Stevens, Lawrence E.; Schmidt, John C.; Ayers, Tina J.; Brown, Bryan T. 1995. Flow regulation, geomorphology, and Colorado River marsh development in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ecological Applications. 5(4): 1025-1039. [48984]
114. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]
115. Stoddart, L. A. 1941. The palouse grassland association in northern Utah. Ecology. 22(2): 158-163. [2258]
116. Stubbendieck, James; Coffin, Mitchell J.; Landholt, L. M. 2003. Weeds of the Great Plains. 3rd ed. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. 605 p. In cooperation with: University of Nebraska - Lincoln. [50776]
117. Stubbendieck, James; Nichols, James T.; Butterfield, Charles H. 1989. Nebraska range and pasture forbs and shrubs (including succulent plants). Extension Circular 89-118. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, Nebraska Cooperative Extension. 153 p. [10168]
118. Taye, Alan C. 1983. Flora of the Stansbury Mountains, Utah. The Great Basin Naturalist. 43(4): 619-646. [14669]
119. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2005. PLANTS database (2004), [Online]. Available: https://plants.usda.gov /. [34262]
120. Valles, Joan; McArthur, E. Durant. 2001. Artemisia systematics and phylogeny: cytogenetic and molecular insights. In: McArthur, E. Durant; Fairbanks, Daniel J., compilers. Shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity: proceedings; 2000 June 13-15; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-21. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 67-74. [41956]
121. Vestal, Paul A. 1952. Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Reports of the Ramah Project: No. 4. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology: 40(4). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. 94 p. [37064]
122. Vujnovic, K.; Bentz, J. 2001. Preliminary classification of native wheat grass (Agropyron spp.) community types in Alberta. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Environment, Natural Heritage Centre. 362 p. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [43372]
123. Weber, William A.; Wittmann, Ronald C. 1996. Colorado flora: eastern slope. 2nd ed. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 524 p. [27572]
124. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
125. West, Neil E.; Madany, Michael H. 1981. Fire history of the Horse Pasture Plateau, Zion National Park. Final report: Contract No. CX-1200-9-BO48; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Submitted to Utah State University]. 221 p. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [16796]
126. Whitman, Warren C. 1979. Analysis of grassland vegetation on selected key areas in southwestern North Dakota. Final Report on Contract No. 7-01-2. Bismark, ND: Regional Environmental Assessment Program. 199 p. [12529]
127. Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1025 p. [21993]
128. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2004. Natural Heritage Inventory working list: rare vascular plants, [Online]. Available: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/working_list/taxalists/plants.htm [2005, May 25]. [43646]
129. Wright, Henry A.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 501 p. [2620]
130. Wydeven, Adrian P.; Dahlgren, Robert B. 1985. Ungulate habitat relationships in Wind Cave National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49(3): 805-813. [57]
131. Yankee Gardener. 2005. Tarragon seed, [Online]. In: Index of quality Hart Seeds including heirlooms. Hamden, CT: Yankee Harvest, LLC. (Producer). Available: http:www.yankeegardener.com/seeds/hartseed13.html [2005, July 25]. [54090]
132. Zigmond, Maurice L. 1981. Kawaisu ethnobotany. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. 102 p. [35936]
