Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
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| Porcupinegrass. Wikimedia Commons image by Krista Lundgren, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. Hesperostipa spartea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/hesspa/all.html [].
Revisions:
On 4 October 2018, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: porcupinegrass
to: porcupine grass. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
HESSPA
SYNONYMS:
Stipa spartea Trin.[22,23]
Stipa robusta Nutt. ex Trin.
NRCS PLANT CODE:
STSP2
COMMON NAMES:
porcupinegrass
big needlegrass
short-awn porcupine grass
western porcupine grass
TAXONOMY:
The currently accepted scientific name for porcupinegrass is
Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth (Poaceae)[54].
LIFE FORM:
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
Porcupinegrass is considered rare in Ontario.
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Porcupinegrass is found from British Columbia to Ontario, south through
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, and east through most of the
central states to Pennsylvania [46].
 |
| Distribution of porcupinegrass. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC. [2018, October 4] [46]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES36 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
STATES:
AZ CO IL IN IA KS MN MO MT MI
MN NM OH OK PA SD TX WI WY AB
BC MB NB ON SK
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
10 Wyoming Basin
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
SAF COVER TYPES:
14 Northern pin oak
42 Bur oak
110 Black oak
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
In Indiana, porcupinegrass and little bluestem (Schizachyrium
scoparium) are major components in dry sand prairies and black
oak (Quercus velutinus) savannahs [6]. In Wisconsin, South Dakota,
and Nebraska, it is codominant with little bluestem [8,28,45].
Porcupinegrass occurs as a dominant or subdominant in the following
community type (cts) classifications:
Area Classification Authority
sw ND grassland cts Whitman 1979
sc ND: Central Grasslands grassland cts Lura and others 1988
Research Station
ND: Woodworth Station general veg. cts Meyer 1985
Alberta: Peace - Athabasca general veg. cts Dirschl and others
Delta 1974
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Porcupinegrass is an important early season forage of good but not
choice palatability for all classes of livestock. As the species
matures the leaves become somewhat tough for sheep but are still grazed
to some extent. The value of porcupinegrass as forage is relatively
higher in the fall than in midsummer because it remains green after most
grasses have dried [24].
PALATABILITY:
Palatability varies with phenological development. Palatability is
highest in the spring and early summer when plants are young and
succulent. Porcupinegrass remains moderately palatable until the
seedheads mature, at which time long, sharp awns may injure grazing
livestock and render the plant less palatable [18,40].
The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
porcupinegrass in Montana and North Dakota has been rated as follows
[12]:
MT ND
Cattle Fair Fair
Sheep Fair Poor
Horses Fair Fair
Pronghorn ---- Poor
Mule deer ---- Poor
White-tailed deer ---- Poor
Small nongame birds ---- Poor
Upland game birds ---- Good
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
The nutritional value of porcupinegrass during five major stages of
growth are [26] (values are percentage of dry weight with the exception
of carotene which is in mg/kg):
Leaf
Stage Heading Seed-ripe Cured Weathered
Dry Matter 94.0 92.0 92.0 94.0 94.0
Protein 9.1 6.2 7.3 4.3 4.5
Crude Fat 3.4 3.2 4.2 4.3 3.5
Crude Fiber 28.0 34.0 29.0 31.0 32.0
Ash 7.0 5.6 6.6 8.2 8.0
Calcium 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
Phosphorus 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Carotene 20.0 24.0 67.0 6.9 2.9
COVER VALUE:
The degree to which porcupinegrass provides environmental protection
during one or more seasons for wildlife species has been rated as
follows [12]:
ND
Pronghorn Good
Mule deer Good
White-tailed deer Fair
Small nongame birds Good
Upland game birds Good
Waterfowl Fair
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Trail restoration was conducted in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, on old
trails found on a steep (2:1), sandy, south-facing slope. Seeds found
in prairie hay mulch (primarily needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata)
and porcupinegrass) held down by jute mesh blankets successfully
germinated and established new growth [10].
Porcupinegrass is difficult to establish by seed. Germination varies
from 0 to 12 percent [21], and seeds are extremely difficult to clean,
which reduces purity. Transplanting has been fairly successful but is
very costly [37,41]. Porcupinegrass mulch seems to be the best choice
for successful, low-cost establishment.
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Native Americans of the Missouri River Region used the stiff awns to
make hair brushes [17].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Porcupinegrass decreases with overgrazing. Moderate to severe grazing
pressure greatly reduces later growth and seed production [14,49].
Slight to light use removes standing litter, increasing growth of
porcupinegrass [44].
Frequent early mowing (June or July) results in a decrease in cover of
porcupinegrass, whereas delaying mowing until August may increase its
cover [8,9].
Porcupinegrass does poorly under drought conditions but is able to
recover once conditions have returned to normal. Seedling survival
during simulated drought conditions ranged from 0 to 54 percent [36].
Porcupinegrass was listed among species which had high mortality during
the 30's drought. Mortality was thought to result from the relatively
shorter roots on these grasses. However, once drought conditions ended,
porcupinegrass regained its original territory and spread widely [48].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Porcupinegrass is a native, perennial, cool-season bunchgrass. It is
often confused with needle-and-thread grass, but its leaves are longer,
generally less rolled, lighter in color, and considerably wider [18].
It may grow to a height of 4 feet (1.2 m) but generally reaches 1.5 to 3
feet (0.45-0.9 m). Flower stalks grow from 2 to 4 feet (0.6-1.2 m).
Root systems of mature plants usually reach depths of about 4.5 feet
(1.35 m), but occasionally extend to 6 feet (1.8 m). Numerous, profusely
branched, smaller roots occupy the top 8 to 18 inches (20-46 cm) of
soil, spreading horizontally or diagonally downward. The longer roots
give rise to many laterals which divide into fine branches in deeper
soil [47].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Cryptophyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Porcupinegrass reproduces sexually [12]. The seeds have a unique
method of planting themselves. As the twisted awns expand and contract
with variations in temperature and moisture, the seeds drill into
the soil.
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| Porcupinegrass seed. Wikimedia Commons image by Paul Henjum. |
Strong winds may transport seeds a considerable distance, especially
when awns are twisted together in clumps [42]. Animals also carry seeds
as the awns become trapped in their coats.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Porcupinegrass is found in prairies, foothills, and canyons at lower
elevations, often dominating dry, well-drained sites [14,45]. In
Colorado it is found from 5,300 to 7,500 feet (1,615 to 2,286 m) in dry
to moist habitats [12]. In Minnesota it is dominant on a sandy level
upland. It also occurs on well-drained gentle slopes but is not
dominant [13]. In Nebraska it is found on high prairie, low prairie,
and disturbed areas, but is typically an upland species, generally
dominant on south and east slopes [8,42]. It mainly occurs on poorer
soil types throughout the northern Great Plains [40].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Porcupinegrass is a climax dominant on several sites in the Great
Plains [8,28,45]. It also occurs as a pioneer species, often
establishing on small disturbed or denuded areas, such as gopher mounds
[42].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Leaf growth of porcupinegrass begins in late March to early April in
western North Dakota [18]. Flowering occurs earliest in the eastern and
southern, and latest in the northern and western portion of its range
[33]. In Wyoming, North Dakota, and Nebraska flowering occurs from May
to June [12,42], and in Montana from June to August [12].
A study in western North Dakota recorded an 8-year average of the
significant phenological stages of porcupinegrass [18].
Initiation of Head Seed Seed Leaves
Fruiting Stalk Emergence Anthesis Maturity Shatter 50-75% Dry
June 2 June 14 June 28 June 27 July 9 August 28
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Porcupinegrass survives low to moderate severity fires due to
carbohydrate reserves stored in an underground root crown. It lacks
rhizomes, and the root system is relatively shallow. Severe fires can
kill the root crown, but such fires are rare on grasslands [48].
Fire was an important ecological factor on prairies containing porcupine
grass. In the absence of fire, tree encroachment was common, and the
plant community often changed to forest within 30 years [3,50].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or wind; postfire yr 1&2
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Hesperostipa spartea
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Aboveground portions of porcupinegrass are removed by fire.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Kruse and Higgins [29] reported porcupinegrass both increasing and
decreasing following spring burns. Four studies reported favorable
responses after spring burns which occurred from April 30 to May 26
[3,7,27,38], while four reported neutral or negative responses after
burning between April 9 and May 8 [2,20,25,52]. Positive effects
include increased seed production and flowering [3,38], an increase in
total biomass [7], and an increase in cover [27]. Negative effects
include a decrease in cover [2,25] and a reduction in culm production
[20]. Porcupinegrass was listed as actively growing in one study [25],
and growing season precipitation was lower than normal in another study
[20], which may account for the negative responses.
The majority of the studies provided insufficient information for direct
comparison of the effects of burning in different seasons. A general
statement about cool-season grasses is that they are harmed by late
spring burns when actively growing. The four studies which gave results
contradicting this did not report the phenological stage of porcupine
grass prior to burning.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Twenty-five years of annual burning decreased cover of western porcupine
grass in east-central Alberta. No season or intensity of fire was given
[1]. Annual spring burns (late April to early May) in two Minnesota
studies favored porcupinegrass [43,50]. Burning was conducted to
return the area to pre-settlement oak savannah woodlands [50], and to
determine the effects of fire on an aspen-prairie ecotone [43].
Fall burning (October 3) reduced canopy coverage and seed production.
The growth stage was not determined prior to the fire [3].
The Research Project Summary Seasonal fires in Saskatchewan rough fescue prairie
provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plains
grassland community species, including porcupinegrass, that was not
available when this species review was originally written.
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Due to the varied results under similar burning conditions, it is
difficult to make accurate management recommendations.
References for species: Hesperostipa spartea
1. Anderson, Howard A. 1978. Annual burning and vegetation in the aspen parkland of east central Alberta. In: Dube, D. E., compiler. Fire ecology in resource management: Workshop proceedings; 1977 December 6-7; [Location unknown]. Information Report NOR-X-210. Edmonton, AB: Environment Canada; Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre: 2:3. Abstract. [317]
2. Anderson, Roger C.; Leahy, Theresa; Dhillion, Shivcharn S. 1989. Numbers and biomass of selected insect groups on burned and unburned sand prairie. The American Midland Naturalist. 122: 151-162. [7912]
3. Bailey, Arthur W.; Anderson, Murray L. 1978. Prescribed burning of a Festuca-Stipa grassland. Journal of Range Management. 31: 446-449. [373]
4. Belcher, Joyce W.; Wilson, Scott D. 1989. Leafy spurge and the species composition of a mixed-grass prairie. Journal of Range Management. 42(2): 172-175. [6892]
5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]
6. Betz, Robert F. 1978. The prairies of Indiana. In: Glenn-Lewin, David C.; Landers, Roger Q., Jr., eds. Proceedings, 5th Midwest prairie conference; 1976 August 22-24; Ames, IA. Ames, IA: Iowa State University: 25-31. [3292]
7. Blankespoor, Gilbert W. 1987. The effects of prescribed burning on a tall-grass prairie remnant in eastern South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. 19(3): 177-188. [2757]
8. Boettcher, Judith F.; Bragg, Thomas B. 1989. Tallgrass prairie remnants of eastern Nebraska. In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 1-7. [14008]
9. Christiansen, Paul A. 1972. Management of Hayden Prairie: past, present and future. In: Zimmerman, James H., ed. Proceedings of the second Midwest prairie conference; 1970 September 18-20; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Arboretum: 25-29. [2794]
10. Delaney, L.; Grismer, G.; Grilz, P. 1988. Erosion control, mulching to restore prairie on an abused slope. Restoration & Management Notes. 6(1): 37. [5475]
11. Dirschl, German J.; Dabbs, Don L.; Gentle, Garry C. 1974. Landscape classification and plant successional trends in the Peace-Athabasca Delta. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 30. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Wildlife Service. 33 p. [6177]
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FEIS Home Page
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