Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
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| Bluejoint. Image by Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Calamagrostis canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/calcan/all.html [].
Revisions:
The taxonomy of this species was updated on 19 September 2018. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
CALCAN
SYNONYMS:
For Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.:
Calamagrostis canadensis var. imberbis (Stebbins) C.Hitchc.
Calamagrostis canadensis var. pallida (Vasey & Scriber) Stebbins
Calamagrostis canadensis var. robusta Vasey
Calamagrostis canadensis var. typica Stebbins [1,12,21,23,39]
For Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorffi (Link) Inman:
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. subsp. langsdorffii (Link) Hultén
Calamagrostis canadensis var. lactea (W.J. Beal.) C.Hitchc.
Calamagrostis canadensis var. scabra (J.Presl.) A.Hitchc. [1,12,21,23,39]
Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins:
Calamagrostis macouniana (Vasey) Vasey [39]
NRCS PLANT CODE:
CACA4
COMMON NAMES:
bluejoint
bluejoint reedgrass
meadow pinegrass
Canadian reedgrass
marsh pinegrass
marsh reedgrass
Macoun's reedgrass
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of bluejoint is Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.)
Beauv. (Poaceae). Recognized varieties are as follows [1,12,21,23,39]:
Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., bluejoint
Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorfii (Link) Inman, bluejoint
Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins, Macoun's reedgrass
LIFE FORM:
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Bluejoint is the most common and widespread Calamagrostis
species in North America [38]. It occurs throughout the boreal and
temperate regions. Bluejoint is common in the subarctic from
Alaska to Quebec, and extends south to all but the southeastern United
States [16,17,38].
 |
| Distribution of bluejoint. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC. [2018, September 19] [39]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES:
AK AZ CA CO CT DE HI ID IL IN
IA KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT
NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OR
PA RI SD TN UT VA VT WA WV WI
WY AB BC LB MB NB NF NT NS ON
PE PQ SK YT
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub - forest
K011 Western ponderosa pine
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K037 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K049 Tules marshes
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlestem
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K104 Appalacian oak forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES:
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
37 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
38 Tamarack
68 Mesquite
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
204 Black spruce
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
212 Western Larch
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
246 California black oak
250 Blue oak - gray pine
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
255 California coast live oak
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Bluejoint occurs as an understory dominant or codominant in
many early seral to climax riparian and cool, moist forest communities.
Published classifications listing bluejoint as a dominant or
codominant in habitat types (hts), dominance types (dts), community
types (cts), riparian site types (rst), and plant associations (pas) are
listed below:
Area Classification Authority
AK general veg. pas Viereck & Dyress 1980
AK: interior postfire forest cts Foote 1983
nw AK forest veg. cts Hanson 1953
CO forest hts Arno & Presby 1977
CO hts Powell 1988
w CO riparian veg. cts Baker 1989a
nw CO general veg. pas Baker & Kennedy 1985
CO: Arapaho & forest hts Hess & Alexander 1986
Roosevelt NF
CO: Gunnison & forest hts Komarkova & others 1988
Uncompahgre NF
c ID riparian cts, hts Tuhy & Jensen 1982
n ID forest cts, hts Cooper & others 1991
e ID, w WY forest hts Steele & others 1983
e ID, w WY riparian cts Youngblood & others 1985
MT riparian dts. Hansen & others 1988
MT forest hts Pfister & others 1977
c,e MT riparian veg. rst., cts, hts Hansen & others 1989
nw MT riparian cts Boggs & others 1990
sw MT riparian veg. rst, cts, hts Hansen & others 1989
wc MT wetland cts Pierce & Johnson 1986
UT: Uinta Mt. forest hts Henderson & other 1977
n UT forest hts Mauk & Henderson 1984
UT, se ID riparian cts Padgett & others 1989
WY riparian veg. rst Olson & Gerhart 1982
WY: c YELL riparian hts Mattson 1984
PQ: Saint general veg. pas Darsereau 1957
Lawrence Valley
Yukon veg. types Stanek & others 1981
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Bluejoint furnishes a large amount of forage for many big game
species and livestock [16,18,38]. Occasionally it occupies considerable
areas to the exclusion of other native grasses [26]. Under such
conditions it yields a large amount of quality hay for livestock [26].
This grass is important forage for livestock in Alaska and is an
important component in the diet of bison herds in the Slave River
lowland, Northwest Territories, Canada [20]. It is grazed lightly by
deer but makes up a major part of the diet of elk in the winter [25,42].
PALATABILITY:
Bluejoint is most palatable when young and succulent. Since it
often grows in wet habitats, use by livestock is often limited until
late in the season when the grass is tough [18,38].
The relish and degree of use shown by wildlife species for bluejoint
in several western states has been rated as follows [8]:
MT ND UT WY
Pronghorn ---- Poor Poor ----
Elk Fair ---- Fair ----
Mule deer Poor Poor Fair ----
White-tailed deer Poor Poor ---- ----
Small mammals ---- ---- Fair Fair
Small nongame birds ---- ---- Fair Fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- Poor Poor
Waterfowl ---- Fair Poor Fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Bluejoint has been rated as fair in energy value and poor in
protein value [8,15]. In July of 1974, nutrient and mineral composition
of this grass on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula were as follows [29]:
IVDMD(%)* Fiber % Protein %
Moose Dairy Cow Cell walls ADF* Lignin
48.1 55.9 69.8 37.8 3.7 9.8
* IVDMD=in vitro dry-matter digestibility
* ADF=acid detergent fiber
macronutrients (ppm) micronutrients (ppm)
Ca K Mg Na Cu Fe Mn Zn
617.0 9799.0 1481.0 74.0 22.3 58.0 30.9 21.6
COVER VALUE:
The degree to which bluejoint provides environmental
protection during one or more seasons for wildlife species has been
rated as follows [8]:
MT ND UT WY
Pronghorn ---- ---- Poor Poor
Elk ---- ---- Poor ----
Mule deer ---- Fair Poor ----
White-tailed deer ---- Good ---- ----
Small mammals Poor ---- Fair Fair
Small nongame birds Poor ---- Fair Good
Upland game birds Poor ---- Fair Fair
Waterfowl Good Fair Fair Fair
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
The rhizomatous nature of bluejoint helps provide streambank
stability. This is particularly important on higher gradient streams
where scouring by seasonal flooding is possible [4]. This grass is a
vigorous invader of oil spill sites in the Northwest Territories,
Canada, and recovers rapidly after spills [16]. Bluejoint was
evaluated for revegetation in tundra and northern boreal forest sites.
It established slowly, but by the end of the growing season, cover and
biomass production equaled or exceeded those of commercial varieties.
Seed of bluejoint has been collected for revegetation trials
in Alberta [16].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Grazing: Bluejoint is sensitive to overgrazing. Yields
decreased by 15 to 20 percent when bluejoint was cut two to
four times during the growing the season, by 35 to 45 percent when cut
five to six times, and about 70 percent when cut seven times, when
compared to plots cut once at the end of the growing season [16].
Grazing should be restricted when soils are moist, especially along
streams where bank sloughing can occur [13]. Livestock use should be
timed according to both the drying of soil surface and the maturation of
the seedheads. Livestock should be removed when 40 percent or less
utilization of herbaceous forage is obtained [13].
Insect and disease: Some bluejoint strains are susceptible to white
top. This condition is caused by insect or fungal damage of the lower
culms. Bluejoint, in general, is not susceptible to snow mold [16].
Site competitor: Bluejoint is a serious competitor of
regeneration of conifer seedlings on disturbed moist sites. Bluejoint
often produces a thick, "mulch" of litter which insulates the
soil surface, causing the soil temperature to decrease. Cold soils
could partially explain the poor growth of conifer seedlings that often
occurs after planting in bluejoint-dominated sites [19].
Control: Bluejoint can be controlled with glyphosate applied
after flowering and about the same time as aboveground senescence begins
[5].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Bluejoint is a sod-forming, native, perennial, cool-season
grass [5,12,16,36]. Its blades are numerous and generally obtain a
height of 2 to 4 feet (60-120 cm) [12,16]. In Alaska, this grass has
been known to reach heights of up to 6.5 feet (200 cm) within 6 weeks
[16]. This grass is long-lived. Well-developed fields may persist for
as long as 100 years [16]. Creeping underground rhizomes are extensive
and fibrous roots are shallow [16,32,36,38].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Sexual Reproduction: Bluejoint flowers are wind pollinated.
Prolific flowering, however, occurs only in wetlands and recently
disturbed sites [28]. The winged seeds are very lightweight and easily
wind-borne [16,28]. Seed yields are low, but seed can remain viable in
the soil for up to 5 years [6,16]. Seeds collected near Inuvik,
Northwest Territories, had a germination rate of 90 percent at 68
degrees Fahrenheit (20 deg C). Seedling vigor was rated as moderate
[3,16].
Vegetative Reproduction: Bluejoint can also reproduce
vegetatively by rhizomes [6,16,28,33,38]. This grass is capable of
producing an extensive network of rhizomes during a single growing
season. Small sections (two or more internodes) of several rhizomes can
produce shoots and establish new clones [28,33].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Bluejoint occurs in a wide range of habitats from lowland wet
sites, semishaded woodlands, to windswept alpine ridges [16,18]. It
extends from sea level in the north and northwest to elevations of over
12,000 feet (3,658 m) near the southern limit of its range in New Mexico
[18,38]. It prefers moist sites but can survive in a wide range of
moisture regimes [16]. This grass, however, cannot germinate under
drought conditions, although it is very drought resistant once
established [16].
Soils: Bluejoint occupies sites with imperfectly to
moderately well-drained soils. It is found on both peat and mineral
soils, but most often on peat, and is adapted to a wide range of soil
textures. This grass is tolerant of extremely acidic soils, with pH
values as low as 3.5, and is moderately tolerant of saline soils
[8,16,19].
Plant associates: Bluejoint is commonly associated with the
following species: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), fireweed
(Epilobium angustifolium), beaked sedge (Carex rostrata), tufted
hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa), Geyer willow (Salix geyeriana),
booth willow (Salix boothii), wolf's willow (Salix wolfii), subalpine
fir (Abies lasiocarpa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) [13,14,15,30,31,40,41].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Bluejoint is a common constituent in a number of seral and
climax communities. A combination of sexual and vegetative reproduction
allows this grass to persist throughout the successional continuum [4].
It is an aggressive ground residual colonizer and initial off-site
colonizer in early seral communities. Once established, a very dense
stand of bluejoint may persist almost indefinitely, severely
limiting the invasion of woody species [5]. In some mid-seral to climax
wetland forest communities and forest communities having high water
tables, bluejoint occurs as a dominant or codominant
understory species [13,14,15,31,40].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
In general, bluejoint leaf and culm production occurs from
early May to mid-June followed by significant vegetative growth of shoot
biomass [5,19]. By mid-June flowering heads begin to emerge and by late
June to early July flowering begins [5,19]. Flowering peaks from late
June to mid-July. Aboveground senescence begins mid to late August
[5,19].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Bluejoint sprouts from on-site surviving rhizomes following
fire [7,28,35,37]. It can also establish on burned sites by
wind-dispersed seeds [7].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Fire will kill aboveground vegetation of bluejoint [35,37].
Severe fires will also kill belowground rhizomes [35,37].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
Under droughty conditions dead shoots of bluejoint exhibit low
moisture content [20,37]. In small experimental fires in Inuvik,
Northwest Territories, dead litter sustained combustion, but the fire
merely burned around the live material [37].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Following low-severity fires, bluejoint will typically sprout
from on-site surviving rhizomes. Buried or wind-dispersed seeds may be
the primary source of plant establishment on severely burned sites
[28,37].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Light surface burning tends to increase the abundance of bluejoint
[9,35,40]. Following a low-severity burn in a trembling aspen
(Populus tremuloides) woodland in southern Ontario, this species'
frequency was twice as high on burned areas. The abundance of bluejoint
4 months after the fires in 1973 was four times greater than
in the control areas and two times greater than in areas burned in 1972
[35].
Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) and the following
Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed fire and postfire
responses of many plant species, including bluejoint:
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
When grazing pressure is light, litter accumulates rapidly [37].
Low-intensity fires can be used to remove this litter and improve forage
quality [22]. Because of wet conditions in the spring and summer,
successful burning of these communities is limited to the drier fall
period [4].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Calamagrostis canadensis
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