Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
|
|
 |
| A stand of rough bentgrass. Image by Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service (retired), Bugwood.org. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Agrostis scabra. In: Fire Effects
Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences
Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/agrsca/all.html [].
Revisions:
On 5 September 2018, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: tickle grass
to: rough bentgrass. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
AGRSCA
SYNONYMS:
Agrostis geminata Trin.
Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. var. tenuis (Tuckerm.) Gl.
Agrostis scabra var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen [16,21,30,42]
Agrostis scabra var. septentrionalis Fern. [10,21,35,42]
NRCS PLANT CODE:
AGSC5
COMMON NAMES:
rough bentgrass
ticklegrass
hairgrass
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of rough bentgrass is Agrostis scabra Willdenow
(Poaceae) [21,35,41,47].
A. scabra hybridizes with A. stolonifera and A. exarata [47].
LIFE FORM:
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Rough bentgrass is distributed throughout Alaska, the continental United
States (but sparingly in the Southeast), Greenland, Canada, Mexico, and
Asia [2,13,17,42,47].
 |
| Distribution of rough bentgrass. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC. [2018, September 5] [42]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES:
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD
MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ
NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC
SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
AB BC LB MB NB NF NT NS ON PE
PQ SK YT MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K084 Cross Timbers
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
SAF COVER TYPES:
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
204 Black spruce
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Rough bentgrass occurs throughout a wide variety of habitats and may be a
dominant or codominant in moist meadows or on streambanks. Published
classifications listing rough bentgrass as a dominant component of plant
associations (pas) or community types (cts) are as follows:
AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
CA: Sequoia NP montane meadow pas Halpern 1986
ID: Upper Salmon/Middle riparian cts Tuhy & Jensen 1982
Fork Salmon River
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Although rough bentgrass is a common and widespread species, the large ratio
of seed head to foliage prevents it from being an important livestock
forage plant. Prior to flowering, however, cattle, sheep, and horses
readily consume it [32,41].
Rough bentgrass is occasionally eaten by elk, mule deer, white-tail deer,
pronghorn, small mammals, upland gamebirds, and waterfowl [8]. Moose
may also graze on rough bentgrass throughout the year [26].
PALATABILITY:
Rough bentgrass is considered to be relatively unpalatable to livestock but
is consumed early in the season [32,33,41]. The relish and degree of
use shown by livestock and wildlife in several western states is rated
as follows [8]:
UT WY MT ND
Cattle good fair poor fair
Sheep fair fair poor fair
Horses fair fair poor fair
Elk good good ---- ----
Mule deer fair poor ---- ----
White-tailed deer ---- poor ---- poor
Pronghorn poor poor ---- poor
Upland gamebirds poor fair ---- ----
Waterfowl poor poor ---- fair
Small nongame birds poor fair ---- ----
Small mammals poor fair ---- ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Rough bentgrass has been rated as fair in energy value and low in protein
value [8].
COVER VALUE:
In certain areas, rough bentgrass provides moderate cover for white-tailed
deer, pronghorn, small mammals, upland gamebirds, and small nongame
birds. It may also provide good cover for waterfowl [8].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Rough bentgrass is a suitable candidate for revegetation programs,
particularly in northern regions [43]. It has been used successfully
in seeding experiments on alpine sites, where areas disturbed by
grazing, recreation, and mining or mineral exploration are common [4].
Rough bentgrass is also reported to be common on abandoned coal-mine sites
in Alberta [37] and has colonized industrially damaged sites near
Sudbury, Ontario [19]. It naturally invades areas damaged by sulfur
emissions [48] and can be found on soils with copper concentrations of
450 p/m and nickel concentrations of 500 p/m [15]. In Yellowstone
National Park, rough bentgrass was seeded onto disturbed sites and after one
growing season comprised 18 to 30 percent of the vegetation on test
plots [29]. In revegetation trials in the Yukon Territory, seedlings
emerged in the first growing season in 100 percent of seeded plots. All
plots contained viable plants 7 years later. Eighty-six percent of
plants produced seed in the second growing season, and all live plants
produced seed during the seventh growing season [43]. In addition,
rough bentgrass has a fibrous root system that is effective in preventing
soil erosion [8,15,48].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
NO-ENTRY
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Rough bentgrass is one of the most successful native grasses in the
revegetation programs in which it has been included [29,43]. It has
shown good potential for both short-term and long-term revegetation, and
has low establishment requirements [8]. Rough bentgrass seed is not
available commercially, but it is produced at the Plant Materials Center
in Bridger, Montana [4,29]. Seed can be collected at a rate of
approximately 3.3 ounces per hour (95 g/hr) [29]. Rough bentgrass produces
lush growth in the first year if fertilized. In field trials near Tent
Mountain, Alberta, it produced greater than 20 percent cover in
fertilized plots in the first growing season [15]. In alpine areas,
seeds should be planted in the fall to avoid breaking dormancy and to
allow for optimal growth in the spring [29]. Rough bentgrass is very
effective at seed dispersal, and it is not necessary to plant seeds in
areas where a source is nearby [15].
Rough bentgrass increases in response to grazing [46]. Because the plant is
not readily grazed after flowering, it is only utilized in the spring or
early summer.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Rough bentgrass is a short-lived, perennial bunchgrass. Culms are slender
and erect, and the basal leaves are often scabrous. The panicle is
large and diffuse at maturity [1,10,30,47]. Rough bentgrass is typically 6
to 39 inches (15-100 cm) tall [10,18,23] but often reaches 50 inches
(130 cm) in height [31,32]. The plant has a fibrous root system [48]
but is not rhizomatous [31].
Rough bentgrass is often confused with winter bentgrass (A. hyemalis (Walt.)
B.S.P.), but the latter generally flowers earlier [13].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Rough bentgrass reproduces primarily by seed but can spread laterally by
stolons. The diffuse inflorescence breaks away at maturity and can be
dispersed over long distances by wind [15]. Seeds colonize recently
disturbed sites with exposed mineral soil seedbeds [22].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Rough bentgrass occurs throughout a wide variety of habitats including
woodlands, forest openings, grasslands, shrublands, meadows, swamps,
bogs, marshes, and stream and lake margins [5,6,24,47]. It also grows
on disturbed sites, such as in ditches or along roadsides, and in
pastures or abandoned fields [14,24,28]. Rough bentgrass occurs from sea
level to alpine zones [4,15,17]. It occupies sites as high as 12,000
feet (3,600 m) in Colorado [8]. Rough bentgrass is tolerant of a wide range
of moisture regimes; it thrives in wet or moist soils and can survive
seasonal stem submergence [13,15,41]. Rough bentgrass is also found in dry
habitats and is a common component of semiarid grasslands and sagebrush
communities [8,10,15,18].
Rough bentgrass grows well on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soil textures
[8]. It is adapted to soils that are low in nutrients and is tolerant
of low pH levels [15]. Rough bentgrass shows poor growth in sodic soils
[8].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Rough bentgrass is generally a pioneer or invader species [11,15,22]. It is
relatively shade intolerant, and thrives in open, sunny locations [15].
Seed is widely dispersed by wind and requires bare mineral soil for
establishment; seedlings are common on recently disturbed sites [15,22].
Rough bentgrass has invaded abandoned fields throughout prairie regions, and
barren sandy soils near Coniston, Ontario. It is a pioneer of dry white
spruce (Picea glauca) sites near Norman Wells, Northwest Territories
[15], and clearcut jack pine (Pinus banksiana) sites in Saskatchewan
[7].
Once rough bentgrass becomes established, it may remain important throughout
the early seral stages [22]. In boreal forest floodplain succession,
rough bentgrass invades initially, and then endures through the early willow
stages [25,44]. Rough bentgrass is also a component of near climax range
communities in Montana [36]. In the Sierra Nevada, California,
rough bentgrass is an increaser species in climax meadow vegetation [33].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Rough bentgrass flowers from June to September, depending on location
[8,10,13]. Seed is shed in late summer [41].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Wind-dispersed rough bentgrass seeds readily colonize bare mineral soil on
recently burned sites [6,20,38]. Seeds may also be stored for short
durations in the soil, allowing for early establishment of areas burned
in the spring [11].
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Tussock graminoid
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Fire generally top-kills rough bentgrass. Specific effects on rough bentgrass
mortality, however, are not well documented.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
In general, rough bentgrass increases in abundance in response to fire.
Seedlings immediately colonize recently burned areas, provided a
favorable seedbed has been established [27,39]. Annual spring burns in
aspen stands in Alberta caused an increase in rough bentgrass inflorescence
production. In unburned areas, there was an average of one flower head
per square foot (10/sq m), but on burned sites 10 flower heads per
square foot (110/sq m) were produced [2]. In interior Alaska, seedlings
were not found in burned plots where the organic layer had not been
completely removed, although a seed source was nearby. Seedlings were,
however, abundant on adjacent firelines [45].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
Hamilton's Research Paper and the following Research Project Summaries
provide information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of many
plant species including rough bentgrass:
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra
REFERENCES:
1. Anderson, Howard G.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1980. Effects of annual burning
on grassland in the aspen parkland of east-central Alberta. Canadian
Journal of Botany. 58: 985-996. [3499]
2. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada.
Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
3. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
4. Brown, Ray W.; Johnston, Robert S. 1979. Revegetation of disturbed
alpine rangelands. In: Johnson, D. A., ed. Special management needs of
alpine ecosystems. Range Science Series No. 5. Denver, CO: Society for
Range Management: 76-94. [188]
5. Calmes, Mary A. 1976. Vegetation pattern of bottomland bogs in the
Fairbanks area, Alaska. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. 104 p.
Thesis. [14785]
6. Carroll, S. B.; Bliss, L. C. 1982. Jack pine - lichen woodland on sandy
soils in northern Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta. Canadian
Journal of Botany. 60: 2270-2282. [7283]
7. Chrosciewicz, Z. 1983. Jack pine regeneration following postcut burning
and seeding in central Saskatchewan. Information Report NOR-X-253.
Edmonton, AB: Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Northern
Forest Research Centre. 11 p. [16916]
8. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
9. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
10. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
11. Fyles, James W. 1989. Seed bank populations in upland coniferous forests
in central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67: 274-278. [6388]
12. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
13. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
14. Halpern, Charles B. 1986. Montane meadow plant associations of Sequoia
National Park, California. Madrono. 33(1): 1-23. [1067]
15. Hardy BBT Limited. 1989. Manual of plant species suitability for
reclamation in Alberta. 2d ed. Report No. RRTAC 89-4. Edmonton, AB:
Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council. 436 p. [15460]
16. Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Misc.
Publ. No. 200. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Administration. 1051 p. [2nd edition revised by
Agnes Chase in two volumes. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.]. [1165]
17. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
18. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
19. James, G. I.; Courtin, G. M. 1985. Stand structure and growth form of
the birch transition community in an industrially damaged ecosystem,
Sudbury, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 15(5): 809-817.
[12630]
20. Johnson, E. A. 1975. Buried seed populations in the subarctic forest
east of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of
Botany. 53: 2933-2941. [6466]
21. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of
the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume
II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North
Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie
Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954]
22. Klinka, K.; Scagel, A. M.; Courtin, P. J. 1985. Vegetation relationships
among some seral ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian
Journal of Forestry. 15: 561-569. [5985]
23. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
24. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central
Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 648 p. [13798]
25. LeResche, R. E.; Bishop, R. H.; Coady, J. W. 1974. Distribution and
habitats of moose in Alaska. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 101: 143-178.
[15190]
26. LeResche, Robert E.; Davis, James L. 1973. Importance of nonbrowse foods
to moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management.
37(3): 279-287. [13123]
27. Lutz, H. J. 1956. Ecological effects of forest fires in the interior of
Alaska. Tech. Bull. No. 1133. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 121 p. [7653]
28. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
29. Majerus, Mark E. 1991. Yellowstone National Park-Bridger Plant
Marterials Center native plant program. In: Rangeland Technology
Equipment Council, 1991 annual report. 9222-2808-MTDC. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and
Development Program: 17-22. [17082]
30. Mason, Herbert L. 1957. A flora of the marshes of California. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press. 878 p. [16905]
31. May, Morton. 1960. Key to the major grasses of the Big Horn Mountains
based on vegetative characters. Bulletin 371. Laramie, WY: University of
Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 44 p. [3236]
32. Morris, H. E.; Booth, W. E.; Payne, G. F.; Stitt, R. E. 1950. Important
grasses on Montana ranges. Bull. No. 470. Bozeman, MT: Montana
Agricultural Experiment Station. 52 p. [5520]
33. Ratliff, Raymond D. 1982. A meadow site classification for the Sierra
Nevada, California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-60. Berkeley, CA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 16 p. [1941]
34. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
35. Roland, A. E.; Smith, E. C. 1969. The flora of Nova Scotia. Halifax, NS:
Nova Scotia Museum. 746 p. [13158]
36. Ross, Robert L.; Murray, Earl P.; Haigh, June G. 1973. Soil and
vegetation inventory of near-pristine sites in Montana. Bozeman, MT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 55 p. [2029]
37. Russell, W. B. 1985. Vascular flora of abandoned coal-mined land, Rocky
Mountain Foothills, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 99(4): 503-516.
[10461]
38. Smith, D. W. 1970. Concentrations of soil nutrients before and after
fire. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 50: 17-29. [8534]
39. Stickney, Peter F. 1985. Data base for early postfire succession on the
Sundance Burn, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-189. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 121 p. [7223]
40. Tuhy, Joel S.; Jensen, Sherman. 1982. Riparian classification for the
Upper Salmon/Middle Fork Salmon River drainages, Idaho. Smithfield, UT:
White Horse Associates. Final Report, Contract with U.S.S. Forest
Service, Region 4. 153 p. [8380]
41. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937. Range plant
handbook. Washington, DC. 532 p. [2387]
42. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2018.
PLANTS Database, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service (Producer). Available: https://plants.usda.gov/.
[34262]
43. Vaartnou, Manivalde. 1988. The potential of native populations of
grasses in northern revegetation. In: Kershaw, Peter, ed. Northern
environmental disturbances. Occas. Publ. No. 24. Edmonton, AB:
University of Alberta, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies: 31-41.
[14418]
44. Viereck, Leslie A. 1970. Forest succession and soil development adjacent
to the Chena River in interior Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research. 2(1):
1-26. [12466]
45. Viereck, Leslie A. 1982. Effects of fire and firelines on active layer
thickness and soil temperatures in interior Alaska. In: Proceedings, 4th
Canadian permafrost conference; 1981 March 2-6; Calgary, AB. The Roger
J.E. Brown Memorial Volume. Ottawa, ON: National Research Council of
Canada: 123-135. [7303]
46. Wambolt, Carl. 1981. Montana range plants: Common and scientific names.
Bulletin 355. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Cooperative
Extension Service. 27 p. [2450]
47. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
48. Winterhalder, Keith. 1990. The trigger-factor approach to the initiation
of natural regeneration of plant communities on industrially-damaged
lands at Sudbury, Ontario. In: Hughes, H. Glenn; Bonnicksen, Thomas M.,
eds. Restoration '89: the new management challenge: Proceedings, 1st
annual meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration; 1989 January
16-20; Oakland, CA. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Arboretum,
Society for Ecological Restoration: 215-226. [14697]
49. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
FEIS Home Page
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/agrsca/all.html
