Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)

FEIS Home Page

• Introductory
• Distribution and Occurrence
• Botanical and Ecological Characteristics
• Fire Ecology
• Fire Effects
• Management Considerations
• References

INTRODUCTORY

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS
	A field of tall tumblemustard in southwestern Idaho. Creative Commons image © 2017 Thayne Tuason.

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES/PROVINCES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

The following biogeographic classification systems are presented as a guide to where tall tumblemustard may be found. Precise distribution information is limited. Because it is so widespread, it is difficult to exclude many ecosystems as potential hosts of tall tumblemustard plants or populations; therefore, these lists are speculative.

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Tall tumblemustard is an exotic winter annual or biennial. It is the tallest species in the genus, reaching 4.9 feet (1.5 m) or more in height. Growth form is rounded and freely branching from a single basal stem. Leaves are 0.4 to 7.9 inches (1-20 cm) long, becoming smaller up the stem. The inflorescence is a raceme of perfect flowers. The fruit is a 2- to 3.9-inch-long (5-10 cm), narrow silique with 120 or more small (~1 mm in length), wingless seeds [56,62,88,100,123,127,130,131]. Tall tumblemustard has a thick taproot [123,142]. Maximum root depth of plants in Wyoming averaged 17 inches (43 cm) over 2 years, ranging from 9.1 to 23 inches (23-58 cm). Of 7 annuals species excavated, only Russian-thistle grew longer roots [2].

Tall tumblemustard siliques and flowers. Image by William R. Hewlett ©, California Academy of Sciences.

Breeding system: Mustards (Brassicaceae) are cross-pollinated. Selfing also occurs [61].

Pollination is by insects [61].

Seed production: Tall tumblemustard is a prolific seed producer. A single plant can produce up to 12,500 siliques and 1.5 million seeds [24,88].

Seed dispersal: Seeds disperse when the dead, dried parent plant breaks at the stem base and tumbles or slides across the ground by wind or other movement [88,123,143]. The fruits are tough and shatter slowly, so only a few seeds at a time are released. Consequently, the dried plant may disperse seeds throughout fall and winter, across many miles [78,88,123,136]. Animals disperse seeds when the wet, mucilaginous seed coat sticks to feathers or fur [150]. Machinery can pick up branches and whole plants, transporting seeds hundreds to thousands of miles. Tumble mustard's initial expansion westward was probably facilitated by railroad cars. One of the species' common names, Jim Hill mustard, comes from the name of the early railroad magnate [88,130].

Seed banking: Tall tumblemustard builds up a long-term seed bank [50,52,63,147,153]. Seed stored over 40 years has germinated in the laboratory (review by [134]). It is unclear how long seed remains viable in natural seed banks. In a Virginia pasture experiment, tumble mustard seed buried 8 inches (20 cm) deep in pots showed 10% germination after 2 years' burial, 21.5% after 4 years, 79% after 7 years, and 0% germination after 17 and 22 years [52].

Tumble mustard's soil seed bank is dynamic, reaching greatest seasonal density in fall and greatest year-to-year fluctuation in wet years. In Yellowstone National Park, mean seed bank density of tall tumblemustard (based on number of emergents in soil samples) was 53 plants/m² [23]. A degraded big sagebrush-spiny hopsage/Thurber needlegrass (Grayia spinosa/Achnatherum thurberianum) community near Reno, Nevada, showed seasonal and spatial variation in density of  tumble mustard seed as follows [147]:

Germination: Tall tumblemustard seeds become mucilaginous upon wetting, which helps them retain moisture. Seeds can germinate on the seedbed surface without litter or soil covering [78,147]. In the absence of cheatgrass, tall tumblemustard may show better germination and establishment with litter; however, when cheatgrass is present in the seed bank, cheatgrass tends to outcompete tall tumblemustard [147]. Tall tumblemustard seeds are immediately germinable at temperatures from 32 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (0-20 ^oC), with no stratification requirement. Best germination occurs on fine-textured soils with temperatures around 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 ^oC) [150]. Near Reno, seeds showed best germination in May [147]. Germination rates are generally good, but irregular. In southern Idaho, tall tumblemustard seed stored for a year in an unheated shed showed 93% germination [67]. Seed lots collected in northern Nevada and northeastern California showed irregular germination; they did not all germinate at 1 time under "ideal" laboratory temperature and moisture conditions. Seed lots were collected over 4 consecutive years. Germination continued for 12 weeks, with some seeds germinating in their 2nd year [150]. Frequency of tall tumblemustard in a black sagebrush (Artemisia nova) community of west-central Nevada was highest in a year of above-average annual precipitation. Mean frequency (% and 1 standard error (SE)) varied as follows [151]:

Tall tumblemustard seeds show some ability to withstand short-term high temperatures. Seeds collected from Yellowstone National Park showed equal emergence (53/m² ) from soil samples at room temperature and samples heated to 120 degrees Fahrenheit (50 ^oC). Emergence dropped to 13/m²  at 210 degrees Fahrenheit (100 ^oC) and 0 at 300 degrees Fahrenheit  (150 ^oC) [23].

Seedling establishment/growth: Tall tumblemustard shows best establishment on mineral soil under an open canopy. In the Reno study discussed above, Young and Evans [147] found better tumble mustard establishment between shrubs compared to under shrubs. They attributed this to better litter and soil moisture conditions for cheatgrass under shrubs, where cheatgrass outcompeted tumble mustard.

Tall tumblemustard seedlings grow rapidly. In uncrowded stands, they form large rosettes before bolting [2].  Emergence and establishment are enhanced by uneven microtopography, with tall tumblemustard establishing best in pits and furrows [55,145,149].

As annuals, tall tumblemustard populations fluctuate in size depending upon climate and other factors [94,103]. In a big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) community of eastern Washington, tall tumblemustard was absent from study plots in 1977, a drought year. Its mean biomass was 0.77 g/m² in 1978, when precipitation was average [35]. In years of above-average precipitation, tall tumblemustard and other annuals can produce considerable biomass. With disturbance, the annuals may invade areas where they were sparse or absent before the frequent rains [37].

Soils: Tall tumblemustard grows in soils of all textures, and is common on sand [91]. It readily establishes on loose, highly disturbed soils such as rodent mounds [108,117], but can also grow on compacted soils. On a Mojave Desert restoration site in Antelope Valley, California, native seeded-in species did not establish on a highly disturbed site with compacted soil; however, tall tumblemustard colonized the site and established dense cover [55].

Elevation: Tall tumblemustard has been recorded at the following ranges:

Tall tumblemustard occurrence in early sagebrush steppe succession is well documented. In big sagebrush of Wyoming, for example, tall tumblemustard occurred 2 and 3 years after disking near an abandoned oil drilling site [2]. A classic seral continuum is described by Piemeisel [96] and other authorities [40,115,122] where Russian-thistle pioneers on sagebrush steppe disturbed by fire or other means. Tall tumblemustard establishes next, followed by tansymustard (Descurainia spp.) and cheatgrass. Medusahead, Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium), and other species may extend or alter the classic continuum [40,41]. A 20-year study in southern Idaho showed old-field succession on former big sagebrush steppe was initially dominated by Russian-thistle, tumble mustard, and tansymustard. An increase in cheatgrass and bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) followed; after that, there was a temporary increase in mustards and a decrease in Russian-thistle. The community eventually stabilized as a cheatgrass-bottlebrush squirreltail cover type [64]. A similar pattern occurred in sagebrush steppe of Washington, where tall tumblemustard codominated recently disturbed sites along with Russian-thistle, prickly-lettuce (Lactuca serriola), and bur ragweed (Ambrosia acanthicarpa). Cheatgrass dominated slightly older seres such as old fields [15]. Some annual-dominated  communities may be stable  [64]. On the Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford Reservation, Washington, old fields have supported cheatgrass-tumble mustard-tansymustard communities for 30 or more years [27]. Tall tumblemustard is not highly invasive in undisturbed sagebrush communities. In lightly grazed and ungrazed sites in a big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass community of eastern Washington, tall tumblemustard established in severely trampled areas where cattle congregated (watering troughs and fencelines), but did not invade other portions of the otherwise lightly grazed site or the ungrazed site [102].

Other communities: Tumble mustard's successional role is less well documented in plant communities other than sagebrush. Similar to its pattern of occurrence in early seral sagebrush, a few studies show early tumble mustard invasion in disturbed communities followed by tumble mustard's successional replacement by perennials. In western wheatgrass-buffalo grass-blue grama (Pascopyrum smithii-Buchloe dactyloides-Bouteloua gracilis) communities of Nebraska, tall tumblemustard occurs in wetland succession at the edges of ponds. On upland sites it occurs on deep, poorly bound, wind-deposited soils along with common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), prairie sunflower (H. petiolaris), and lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) [74]. In a shadscale community of south-central Idaho, tumble mustard, halogeton, clasping pepperweed, and cheatgrass invaded after a combination of drought and root-mining mealybugs killed most of the overstory shadscale. Six years after the shadscale dieback, the site was dominated by halogeton and annual weeds. Grasshopper populations were high the 7th year following the dieback, so halogeton, tumble mustard, and other annuals maintained dominance with grasshopper grazing. Shadscale, gooseberryleaf globemallow (Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia), and native perennial grasses gained dominance the next year, when the drought ended and the insect populations declined [112].

Tall tumblemustard is nonmycorrhizal [12,46]; therefore, it can colonize sterile sites or sites undergoing primary succession.

FIRE ECOLOGY

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

Fire regimes: Introduced species can alter the probability of occurrence of fire, the rate of fire spread, and the intensity of fire in an ecosystem [30]. The degree of change and impacts on native ecosystems vary with differences in species composition and structure of invaded plant communities [17,113]. Historic fire regimes in big sagebrush/bunchgrass ecosystems, where tumble mustard is common, are variable. Fire return intervals range between 10 and 70 years [7,18,87,92,126,149]. The introduction and increasing dominance of cheatgrass has changed the seasonal occurrence, frequency, and size of wildfires in these ecosystems, thus altering successional patterns [13,95,132,135,144]. Tumble mustard invaded the western Unites States shortly before cheatgrass [78,88]. There is no evidence suggesting that tall tumblemustard alone has altered historic fire patterns in sagebrush steppe, but interactive effects of tumble mustard and cheatgrass are largely unstudied. Further research is needed on the impacts of tall tumblemustard invasion in sagebrush steppe and other ecosystems where weeds have drastically altered fire regimes.

Because tall tumblemustard is widespread, it is difficult to exclude many ecosystems as potential hosts of tall tumblemustard plants or populations. The following table provides some fire regime intervals for plant communities where tall tumblemustard may be important. For further information, see the FEIS summary on the dominant species listed below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE EFFECTS

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Tall tumblemustard cover (%) on burned and unburned plots after a June 1977 fire on Mt. Sentinel in Missoula, Montana, is shown below. The cover type is rough fescue (Festuca altaica)-Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass mountain grassland [4].

Another study of plant cover the after same fire showed similar effects. Although tall tumblemustard cover (%) was low on burned and unburned plots, tall tumblemustard increased with fire. Measurements were taken in November 1977, 5 months after the Mt. Sentinel Fire [85]:

One year after a July wildfire in a ponderosa pine/bluebunch wheatgrass community of British Columbia, tall tumblemustard established as follows [71]:

Although fire creates the open canopy and bare mineral soil that favors tall tumblemustard establishment, tall tumblemustard is not an obligate "fire follower." Any area with bare ground, open sunlight, and a seed source is vulnerable to tall tumblemustard invasion [70].

Frequency of tall tumblemustard on 50 × 50-cm plots burned under prescription on 15 September 1983 on the Shoshone District, Idaho BLM, was 8.8% in autumn 1982 (prefire), 1.3% in 1983 (postfire), 23.8% in 1984, and 86.3% in 1986. Burning was conducted in threetip sagebrush (Artemisia tripartita) and successfully reduced persistent litter. Macrobiotic soil crusts began recovery in postfire year 3. Burning conditions were [19]:

Fall and spring prescribed burning in a basin big sagebrush community in east-central Oregon had no significant effect on tall tumblemustard frequency in postfire year 1 or 2 [107]. See the Research Project Summary of this work for more information on fire effects on tall tumblemustard and 60 additional forb, grass, and woody plant species.

The Research Project Summary Nonnative annual grass fuels and fire in California's Mojave Desert provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of tall tumblemustard and other plant community species.

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Fire as a control agent: There are no published studies on using fire to control tall tumblemustard, but given tumble mustard's positive response to increased light and nutrients and open ground, fire alone is unlikely to provide control of tall tumblemustard. If tall tumblemustard is already onsite in the seed bank, or as a few plants, fire is likely to increase the species' importance in the early postfire community.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• OTHER USES
• IMPACTS AND CONTROL

Palatability/nutritional value: Tall tumblemustard is palatable to livestock when young. Palatability of mature plants is low. The seeds are unpalatable to livestock [123]. Palatability of tall tumblemustard for livestock and wildlife has been rated as follows [33]:

Cover value of tall tumblemustard for Utah wildlife has been rated as follows [33]:

Native Americans made meal from ground tumble mustard seeds. The greens can be used in salads [88].

Range: Tall tumblemustard is uncommon on good- to excellent-condition rangeland, and is an indicator of deteriorating rangeland quality [69]. Rangelands dominated by tall tumblemustard and other annuals show poor productivity compared to ranges dominated by perennial grasses [94]. Tall tumblemustard increases in response to grazing [93]. In mountain grasslands of central Utah, it was among the most important invaders on overgrazed plots in bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) along with cheatgrass, Russian-thistle, cutleaf filaree, and yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius) [22]. Daubemire [31] described tall tumblemustard as a seral species that benefits from grazing by release from the competition of more palatable species, but declines in frequency when successionally replaced.

Cropland: Tall tumblemustard is a serious crop weed [123,154]. Hay or grain infested with tall tumblemustard seeds is unpalatable to cattle and horses [123]. Tall tumblemustard is an alternate host for several crop diseases including potato leafroll virus [47,121].

Tall tumblemustard absorbs soil contaminants such as heavy metals and radioactive waste. Due to its tumbling habit, it may spread the contaminants to other sites [129].

Control: Tall tumblemustard does not usually persist in late-seral communities and may not require special control measures. Canopy closure, litter accumulation and/or growth interference from later-successional species tend to exclude tall tumblemustard over time.

Prevention: Since tall tumblemustard is an early seral species, minimizing soil disturbance and seed dispersal and maintaining a healthy plant community is the best way to prevent establishment of tumble mustard [28]. Anderson and Inouye [3] found sagebrush steppe ecosystems of southeastern Idaho were statistically more resistant to invasion by tall tumblemustard and other exotic annuals when cover of native species was high (R²=0.16, P=0.008).

Integrated management: Land management practices that promote later-successional species can exclude tall tumblemustard from most plant communities [28]. Managers are encouraged to use combinations of control techniques that are appropriate to the site objectives, desired plant community, available resources, and timing of application. For information on integrated weed management without herbicides, see the Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) website.

Physical/mechanical: Small infestations of tumble mustard can be controlled by hand pulling rosettes in the fall or early spring [28].

Fire: See Fire Management Considerations.

Biological: In free-choice trials, tall tumblemustard was the most palatable of 18 early successional annuals and biennials to native and introduced slug species [21].

Chemical: Herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, but are rarely a complete or long-term solution to weed management [20]. Herbicides are more effective on large infestations when incorporated into long-term management plans that include replacement of weeds with desirable species, careful land use management, and prevention of new infestations. Control with herbicides is temporary, as it does not change those conditions that allow infestations to occur [152]. See the Weed Control Methods Handbook for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.

Tall tumblemustard is susceptible to broadleaf herbicides including 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, atrazine, and chlorsulfon [1,36,77,119]. Phenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-D and MCPA provide best control (90-99%) [1,77,119].

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