Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
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| Blackeyed Susan. Creative Commons image by Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Walsh, Roberta A. 1994. Rudbeckia hirta. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/rudhir/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION:
RUDHIR
SYNONYMS:
For Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta:
Rudbeckia hirta var. brittonii (Small) Fernald [48,55]
NRCS PLANT CODE:
RUHI2
RUHIA
RUHIB
RUHIF
RUHIP
COMMON NAMES:
blackeyed Susan
bristly coneflower
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of blackeyed Susan is Rudbeckia hirta L. [28,35].
It is in the sunflower family (Asteraceae).
Recognized varieties are as follows:
Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta
Rudbeckia hirta var. angustifolia (Moore) Perdue [12,55]
Rudbeckia hirta var. floridana (Moore) Perdue [55,61]
Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima Farwell [35,55]
LIFE FORM:
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Blackeyed Susan is found throughout most of North America, particularly
east of the Rocky Mountains [45,51]. It has been sporadically introduced
into the Pacific Northwest [35]. Blackeyed Susan has also been
introduced in Europe as an ornamental and has naturalized [57].
 |
| Distribution of blackeyed Susan. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, January 29] [55]. |
Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta occurs from Pennsylvania to Georgia and
sparingly north to Maine and west to Illinois [26]. Rudbeckia hirta
var. angustifolia is in the South [28]. Rudbeckia hirta
var. floridana is found in central Florida [61]. Rudbeckia hirta var.
pulcherrima is widespread, especially in disturbed habitats [26].
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
STATES:
AL AR CA CO CT FL GA IL IN IA
KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO
MT NE NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK
PA SC SD TN TX VT VA WA WV WI
WY AB BC MB NB NF NS ON PQ SK
MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K072 Sea oats prairie
K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
SAF COVER TYPES:
1 Jack pine
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
19 Gray birch - red maple
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
26 Sugar maple - basswood
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
62 Silver maple - American elm
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
107 White spruce
110 Black oak
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
251 White spruce - aspen
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
In southwest Michigan blackeyed Susan occurs in wet prairie in
association with goldenrods (Solidago spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), Indian
grass (Sorghastrum nutans), marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris),
queen-of-the-prairie (Filipendula rubra), purple meadowrue (Thalictrum
dasycarpum), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), and cowbane
(Oxypolis pectinata) [40].
Associates of blackeyed Susan in tallgrass prairie in central Illinois
include leadplant (Amorpha canescens), sawtooth sunflower (Helianthus
grosseserratus), stiff sunflower (Helianthus rigidus), rattlesnake
master (Eryngium yuccifolium), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus),
and flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata) [38].
Associates of blackeyed Susan in remnant upland tallgrass prairie in
west-central Missouri include eastern red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana),
dewberry (Rubus flagellaris), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), buck
brush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus), leadplant (Amorpha canescens), and
wild snowball (Ceanothus americanus) [37].
Associates of blackeyed Susan in montane meadow grasslands within the
Rocky Mountain, Sierran, and Madrean montane conifer forests include
bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), California false-hellebore (Veratrum
californicum), monkey flower (Mimulus nasutum), mountain brome (Bromus
marginatus), and iris (Iris missouriensis) [10].
Associates of blackeyed Susan in Sequoia National Park, California, on
sites adjacent to a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) grove
include California wood fern (Dryopteris arguta), beaked hazel (Corylus
cornuta), American trailplant (Adenocaulon bicolor), incense-cedar
(Libocedrus decurrens), bush chinquapin (Chrysolepis sempervirens),
Richardson geranium (Geranium richardsonii), California buckeye
(Aesculus californica), white hedgenettle (Stachys albens), white fir
(Abies concolor), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), Sierra gooseberry
(Ribes roezlii), and western cowbane (Oxypolis occidentalis) [3].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY:
In the western Cross Timbers of northern Texas in 1944, blackeyed Susan
was lightly grazed by cattle during the last half of April, heavily
grazed during May, and lightly grazed during the first half of June. It
was not grazed at any other time [20].
In southeastern Minnesota white-tailed deer grazed blackeyed Susan
plants which had been transplanted as seedlings into test plots in the
spring of 1983. Thirty-six percent of blackeyed Susan plants were
grazed in 1983, and 8 percent in 1984. No plant was grazed more than
once. Eastern cottontails and thirteen-lined ground squirrels were
observed in the study area, but they did not make use of blackeyed
Susan [21].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE:
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Blackeyed Susan is recommended for restoration of disturbed areas and
prairies [51].
Blackeyed Susan seeds are available for restoration and conservation
efforts from the USDA Soil Conservation Service Plant Materials Center
at Corning, New York [58].
Roadside sites: Blackeyed Susan seeds or plants were used along
highways in Wisconsin as part of a natural tallgrass prairie roadside
restoration project. Blackeyed Susan gave excellent response to all
attempted propagation methods: direct seeding on the field site;
transplanting seedlings; and transplanting year-old plants [46].
Blackeyed Susan, along with other native wildflowers, was used in
Massachusetts to restore a roadside site that had shallow, infertile
soil, poor moisture retention, and hostile exposure. After 4 years,
blackeyed Susan was one of few survivors at the site [1].
Blackeyed Susan was used in the rehabilitation of a sand and gravel
borrow-pit in Greene County, Ohio in 1986 and 1987. Blackeyed Susan
was inconspicuous and aboveground growth was slow the first summer, but
during the second year (1987) it flowered. On the drier, less fertile
sites blackeyed Susan flowered in 1988, even though it was still quite
small [14].
Mine sites: Blackeyed Susan, along with other native prairie forbs and
grasses, was planted on iron mine tailings in west-central Wisconsin.
The tailings are sandy loam in texture, lack essential nutrients, are
very low in organic matter, and have an average pH of 8.5. Seed was
broadcast by hand, raked in, and mulched. No artificial watering or
weeding was done. Of the blackeyed Susan seeds planted, 6.8 percent
produced seedlings. Growth was slow, but by the second growing season,
many of the plants were flowering. Blackeyed Susan showed very little
response to any fertilizer treatment [32].
Prairie sites: Blackeyed Susan was used as a cover crop to protect
other forb and grass seedlings in a north-central Illinois oldfield
prairie restoration project [8].
Blackeyed Susan was used in a seeding effort on open upland and drier
southwest-facing slopes around groves and draws of hickories (Carya
spp.) and oaks (Quercus spp.) in degraded tallgrass savanna in northwest
Illinois. In October and November of 1988, seeds were hand broadcast.
By fall, 1991, there were seedlings and mature blackeyed Susan plants
[9].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Blackeyed Susan is used as a garden ornamental [51].
The leaves of blackeyed Susan are used to make a tea that is said to be
a diuretic, with some cardiac stimulation properties [45].
The Forest Potawatomis treated colds with a tea prepared from the roots
of blackeyed Susan [4].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Blackeyed Susan may be an indicator of range condition. In the western
Cross Timbers of northern Texas on fine sandy loam soil, blackeyed
Susan was not present on range in excellent and good condition, had
coverage of 2 percent on range in fair condition, and had coverage of 4
percent on range in poor condition [20]. The Missouri grass glades were
overgrazed from the late 1800's until the 1960's. By the 1930's on
overgrazed open range the composition of the once productive prairie
glades had changed to a community of soft chess (Bromus mollis) and
blackeyed Susan [42].
Tallgrass prairie in north-central Oklahoma was subjected to
short-duration grazing schedules from 1985 to 1988. Blackeyed Susan
did not respond to different grazing schedules, but did fluctuate in
numbers in response to environmental conditions influencing its
establishment [25].
Blackeyed Susan was grazed by white-tailed deer in southeastern
Minnesota in 1983 and 1984. The grazing did not significantly affect
seedling survival in wet years. However, under drought conditions
grazed plants might not be able to resume growth sufficiently to survive
winter or compete successfully with annuals the following spring [21].
Herbivory may decrease seed yield from blackeyed Susan. Blackeyed
Susan plants in a pasture in southern Oklahoma were infested with the
silvery checkerspot butterfly (Nymphalidae) caterpillar during the
summer of 1981. Heads from infested plants produced 50 percent fewer
seeds than did heads from uninfested plants. Dispersion of blackeyed
Susan plants may decrease infestation because of the limited distances
the caterpillars can travel [47].
Fertilization of blackeyed Susan is probably not effective [27,32].
Blackeyed Susan may be extremely sensitive to ozone exposure. More
than 50 percent of blackeyed Susan plants showed foliage injury in
response to the ambient ozone levels which occurred in the Great Smoky
Mountains in 1989. With ozone exposure twice ambient level, injury was
greater than 90 percent [30].
Blackeyed Susan may be a good indicator species for soil cadmium. In
northwestern Indiana urban-industrial regions the soil is contaminated
with cadmium and other heavy metals. Blackeyed Susan seed germination
was reduced in proportion to additions of soil cadmium [62].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Blackeyed Susan is a native, warm-season, annual, biennial or
short-lived perennial forb [26,34]. It has one to a few stems [4] 12 to
40 inches (0.3-1.0 m) tall [26], which are erect and sometimes sparingly
branched [33]. The lower leaves are 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) long [28],
alternate and petioled [34]. The upper leaves are mostly sessile [26].
The inflorescences are few to many flower heads on peduncles 2 to 8
inches (5-20 cm) long [34]. The fruit is an achene 0.06 inches (1.5 mm)
long; there is no pappus [33]. Blackeyed Susan has a taproot or a
cluster of fibrous roots [28]. It is a mycorrhizal species [43].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Blackeyed Susan reproduces sexually by seed [4,28]. It is pollinated
by bees and flies [15,22]. It also reproduces vegetatively [56] by
sprouting from the root crown [48].
In remnant tallgrass prairie in central Illinois, blackeyed Susan seeds
made up 2.4 percent of germinable seeds found in the seedbank. Fifty
percent of blackeyed Susan seeds were in the upper 0.8 inches (2 cm) of
soil; the rest were in the next 3 inches (8 cm) of soil. The seeds
occurred in high-density clumps rather than being randomly dispersed.
Blackeyed Susan was a very minor component of the vegetational cover.
There were more blackeyed Susan seeds in the seedbank than would be
predicted by its importance value [38].
Blackeyed Susan seed germination varies with area and time of
collection, and with germination conditions.
Blackeyed Susan seeds were collected from wild seed sources in central
Wisconsin in the fall of 1976. The seeds were given cold, dry
stratification for at least 2 months, before germination testing.
Germination ranges were 0 to 38 percent. When grown in soil in 1977,
none germinated; in 1978, germination in soil ranged from 10 to 24
percent. The higher rate in 1978 was probably due to reduction in
dormancy and to higher germination temperatures than in 1977. Light had
no marked effect on the germination of blackeyed Susan seeds in this
study. Wild blackeyed Susan had a very wide range of Pure Live Seed
values [31].
In a germination study of Wisconsin tallgrass prairie plants, seeds were
collected from the southern tier of Wisconsin counties. With 3 months
cold stratification, blackeyed Susan had a maximum of 46 percent
germination. However, germination values for seeds collected in
different years fluctuated greatly. In some years seeds would germinate
even though unstratified [29].
In trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)-dominated vegetation in western
Colorado, blackeyed Susan seeds were collected September 2-3, 1981.
Germination tests were conducted within 6 months of collection.
Germination rates were very low in the absence of light and without
stratification. Germination rates ranged from 24 to 36 percent for
moistened seeds grown in light and stratified 30 to 120 days [36].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Blackeyed Susan is found on clayey loam to sandy loam soils. It has
low to moderate water requirements, and grows in full sun to partial
shade [51]. It is found in plains and open woods [18,19], sunny
roadsides and meadows [57], sandhills and bogs [12], and disturbed
places [35].
Blackeyed Susan occurs at the following elevations:
Elevation (feet) Elevation (meters)
CA 328-3,937 100-1,200 [34]
CO 5,000-9,500 1,524-2,896 [17,33]
WY 8,200 2,500 [17].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Blackeyed Susan is considered a pioneer species [31], and can be
dominant in early stages of succession [50].
Blackeyed Susan is part of the weed stage of abandoned fields in
central Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas [59].
At the establishment of the Curtis Prairie in south-central Wisconsin
between 1936 and 1941, blackeyed Susan plants were left intact, as they
already occurred in some fields. They persisted a short time, spreading
opportunistically into other areas. Areas originally dominated by
blackeyed Susan were invaded extensively by various more aggressive
species [52].
In a tallgrass prairie establishment effort in southern Wisconsin, begun
in 1974, blackeyed Susan appeared in 1975, though it had not been
seeded. It was abundant in the surrounding area, however [60].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Blackeyed Susan is able to flower its first year [28], but flowers more
prolifically its second year. By the end of the first year it may begin
vegetative reproduction, and show a distinct "bunching" effect with 2 or
more shoots [46]. Topgrowth dies back each year [36,42]. Biennial and
perennial forms sprout the next spring from the root crown [48].
Blackeyed Susan initiates growth in late spring and becomes dormant by
early fall [2].
Blackeyed Susan flowering times are:
Begin Peak End
Flowering Flowering Flowering
FL May ---- October [12]
IL June ---- September [44]
KS June ---- August [4]
MI June ---- August [22]
MN June July July [15]
MO June ---- August [37]
NC May ---- July [48]
ND July July August [11]
SC May ---- July [48]
TX June ---- ---- [20]
WI June ---- August [16]
Great Plains May ---- September [28]
Northeast US June ---- October [26].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Blackeyed Susan probably has good fire tolerance in the dormant state,
since it reproduces vegetatively from the root crown [48,56]. It
produces numerous small seeds [11] and can establish on burned sites.
Blackeyed Susan thrives in the open, sunny conditions [31,51] created
by fire. It may be an initial on-site colonizer since its seeds are
found up to 4 inches (10 cm) or deeper in the seedbank [38]. However,
no information was available on seed tolerance to heat or length of seed
viability in the seedbank.
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Caudex, growing points in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Blackeyed Susan is probably top-killed by fire during the growing
season. It may survive by sprouting from the root crown [56].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Blackeyed Susan does not respond uniformly to burning. Depending on
season of burning and local conditions, it often establishes
successfully; existing populations may either increase or decrease in
abundance.
In south-central New York wildfires burned goldenrod (Solidago spp.)-
poverty oatgrass (Danthonia spicata) fields in the springs of 1962,
1963, and 1964. Adjacent burned and unburned areas were measured for
vegetative response 10 to 26 months after the fires. The average
frequency of blackeyed Susan in unburned areas was 29 percent; in
burned areas it was 2 percent [54].
In southwestern Missouri after a decade of prescribed burning on glade
grasslands blackeyed Susan had decreased in abundance [42].
Blackeyed Susan seeds were broadcast in the fall of 1988 on sites in
tallgrass oak savanna in northwestern Illinois. Consecutive spring
prescribed fires were conducted in 1989, 1990, and 1991. By the fall of
1991 there were both seedlings and mature plants of blackeyed Susan on
burned sites [9].
Blackeyed Susan decreased with repeated dormant season prescribed fire
on one test plot in south-central Wisconsin, but increased every year in
another field subjected to the same treatment [39].
In south-central Wisconsin the Curtis Prairie has had a biennial burning
schedule since 1950, one-third being burned one year and the other
two-thirds the following year. Blackeyed Susan was not present in
1951, but had appeared in small numbers by 1961. An extended growing
season on the burned prairie appears to enhance presence of blackeyed
Susan. During the spring, daytime temperatures are substantially warmer
on the burned than on the unburned prairie, where the litter layer
retards soil warming. The burned surface also cools faster at night.
These effects are most pronounced in May and June [2]
Blackeyed Susan in tallgrass prairie in eastern Nebraska on silty clay
loam was burned in early May, early July, and mid-September, 1983.
Plots were sampled in the fall of 1983, 1984, and 1986. Burning,
particularly summer and fall burning in years with adequate
precipitation, resulted in higher blackeyed Susan seedling
establishment than occurred without burning. In dry years burning
reduced seedling establishment. Blackeyed Susan cover also increased
with summer and fall burning; cover decreased without burning [7].
Blackeyed Susan on a poor condition prairie range site in north-central
Oklahoma was burned April 1, 1965-1967, in conditions where the soil was
moist and the fire burned against a 5 to 10 mile-per-hour (8-16 k/h)
breeze. Matched unburned plots were mowed earlier in the spring, and
the residue removed. In the spring of 1966, blackeyed Susan flowered
profusely on unburned plots, but was absent on burned plots [27].
The Research Project Summary, Herbaceous responses to seasonal burning in
experimental tallgrass prairie plots provides information on postfire response
of blackeyed Susan in experimental prairie plots that was not available when this
species review was originally written.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Rudbeckia hirta
REFERENCES:
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