Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
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| Redstem stork's bill. Creative Commons image by Luigi Rignanese. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/erocic/all.html [].
Revisions:
On 24 April 2018, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: cutleaf filaree
to: redstem stork's bill. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION :
EROCIC
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
NRCS PLANT CODE :
ERCI6
COMMON NAMES :
redstem stork's bill
cutleaf filaree
purple filaree
redstem filaree
filaree
alfileria
pinclover
pingrass
cranesbill
heronbill
storksbill
TAXONOMY :
The scientific name of redstem stork's bill is Erodium cicutarium
(L.) L'Her. (Geraniaceae) [24,35,49]. Infrataxa are [49]:
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton subsp. bipinnatum Tourlet
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton subsp. cicutarium
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton subsp. jacquinianum (Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Ave-Lall.) Briq.
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Redstem stork's bill is distributed worldwide at latitudes below 70 degrees
north and south. It occurs in Eurasia, North America, South America,
central and southern Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania [21].
In North America, redstem stork's bill is distributed across Canada and south
to Baja California, Mexico [21,33].
 |
| Distribution of redstem stork's bill . Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, April 24] [49]. |
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE GA HI
ID IL IN IA KS KY ME MD MA MI
MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY
NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN
TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY AB BC
LB MB NB NF NT NS ON PE PQ SK
YT MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
Found in most Kuchler Plant Associations
SAF COVER TYPES :
Found in most SAF Cover Types
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Redstem stork's bill occupies a variety of habitats, from desert to riparian
[23,25]. In riparian communities, it indicates recent or frequent
disturbances [29]. The largest North American redstem stork's bill
populations occur in California, where annual grasslands have replaced
historical perennial grasslands [20,47]. Redstem stork's bill has been
listed as a dominant community type (cts) in the following published
classification:
Area Classification Authority
CA: Central Valley annual grassland cts Heady 1977
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Redstem stork's bill provides seasonal forage for rodents, desert tortoise,
big game animals, and livestock [4,5,32,24,51]. The seeds are eaten by
upland game birds, songbirds, and rodents [14,30,39].
PALATABILITY :
The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
redstem stork's bill in California and Utah is rated as follows [14,42,51]:
CA UT
Cattle good fair
Sheep good good
Horses ---- fair
Pronghorn ---- good
Elk ---- good
Mule deer good good
Small mammals good fair
Small nongame birds ---- fair
Waterfowl ---- poor
Redstem stork's bill seeds are highly palatable to rodents [30].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
The food value of flowering redstem stork's bill in central Arizona is as
follows [46]:
Percent Composition
protein 17.10
fiber 17.80
calcium 2.54
phosphorus 0.51
potassium 3.56
The digestibility of redstem stork's bill for several animal species is rated
as follows [36]:
Percent Digestibility
white-tailed deer 40.0
cattle 12.4
domestic goats 12.5
horses 12.0
domestic rabbits 11.9
domestic sheep 12.9
The seeds provide 5,505 calories per gram, or 8.92 calories per seed [40].
COVER VALUE :
Redstem stork's bill generally provides poor cover [14]. One ecotype in
Glenville, California, forms basal rosettes 16 inches (40 cm) in
diameter, providing fair to good cover for small birds and mammals [28].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
The presence or absence of redstem stork's bill pollen in fossil records,
sediment lakebeds, and artifacts has been used as a dating technique in
paleobotany and archeology [12,16]. Redstem stork's bill was one of the
first exotics to invade North America. It was apparently introduced in
California during the early 1700's by passing Spanish explorers [51].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Range: Redstem stork's bill is important forage for cattle, horses, and
domestic sheep in California, Nevada, and Arizona [47]. Annual yields
vary depending upon soil moisture. Talbot and others [43] found that
cover of redstem stork's bill in a Tehama County, California range fluctuated
from 70 percent in 1934 to 30 percent in 1935, a drought year. Other
factors also affect the availability of redstem stork's bill. The plant is
sensitive to airborne pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide, which
causes extensive leaf and stem burn. Redstem stork's bill yields are reduced
on some southern California and western Arizona ranges due to this
problem [44]. Otherwise, redstem stork's bill has excellent range
durability. The plant is resilient under heavy grazing pressure. When
developing fruits are consumed by stock, the plant rapidly grows short,
prostrate stems that produce new fruits. These new stems and fruits are
relatively inaccessible to stock, especially horses and cattle [22].
When most of the redstem stork's bill within a range assumes this growth
form, the range is overgrazed.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Redstem stork's bill is an exotic forb that may be cool- or warm-season,
depending on climate [35,46]. The leaves of young plants form a basal
rosette. Older leaves grow up to 12 inches (30 cm) long, becoming
decumbent to prostrate. The persistent styles of this plant are 1 to 2
inches (2.5-5 cm) long and coil together at maturity, enveloping the
fruit at the base. The fruit is a sharp-pointed, narrow capsule. The
slender taproot is about 3 inches (8 cm) long [16,37,47].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Therophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Redstem stork's bill reproduces sexually [35,47]. Germination is triggered
by seasonal rains and soil temperatures that range between approximately
69 degrees Fahrenheit (21 deg C) during the day to 40 degrees Fahrenheit
(4 deg C) at night [23]. Light rains result in lower germination rates
than heavier rains [5]. When moist, the coiled styles enveloping the
seed expand, uncoil, and drive the arrow-shaped fruit into the ground
[16]. Seed can be driven as deep as 1 inch (2.5 cm), although seed
buried less deeply is more likely to germinate [52]. Young and others
[52] report an average germination success rate of 14 percent. Plants
are sexually mature 2 to 4 months following germination [19]. Seed
either falls beneath the parent plant or is disseminated by animals.
Rodents frequently bury redstem stork's bill seed in a food cache where
unconsumed seed later germinates [30]. Seed also catches on animal fur
and is disseminated in that manner [16]. Seeds of Erodium spp. can
remain viable for many years, and form extensive seed banks [9].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Redstem stork's bill occupies a variety of different sites. Site
characteristics are as follows:
Soil: Redstem stork's bill grows in well-drained, clayey, loamy, or sandy
soil. Variations in soil pH have been reported from moderately acid in
Tehema County, California to moderately alkaline in the Great Basin area
of central Utah [5,7].
Climate: Native to the Mediterranean area, redstem stork's bill flourishes in
the semiarid climate of the Southwest and the Mediterranean climate of
California [47]. It will tolerate a broad range of climates, however,
including the tropical climate of Hawaii and the cold, rainy climate of
the Pacific Northwest. Redstem stork's bill can grow in areas that
experience harsh, snowy winters because its short growing period allows
it to complete its life cycle before the onset of freezing weather
[18,21].
Elevation: Redstem stork's bill occurs below 7,000 feet (2,134 m) [26].
Associated species: The associated species of redstem stork's bill are too
numerous to list because of its global distribution. Since redstem stork's
bill is mainly of interest as a range plant, the associated range
species of redstem stork's bill in several western states are listed as
follows:
Arizona: Saltbush (Atriplex polycarpa and A. lentiformis), mustard
(Cruciferae), foxtail chess (Bromus rubens), Mediterranean schismus
(Schismum barbatus), canyon grape (Vitis arizonica), blue palo verde
(Cercidium floridum) [8,48].
California: Slender oat (Avena barbata), ripgut brome (B. rigidus),
littlehead clover (Trifolium microcephalum), early filaree (Erodium
obtusiplicatum) [6,48].
Idaho: St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), downy brome (B.
tectorum), rattlesnake brome (B. briziformis), rattail sixweeks grass
(Vulpia myuros), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), bigflower agosersis
(Agosersis grandiflora), spur lupine (Lupinus laziflorus), autumn
willow-weed (Epilobium paniculatum) [43,48].
Nevada: Turpentine broom (Thamnosma montana), desert bitterbrush
(Purshia glandulosa), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), foxtail chess,
California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), desert needlegrass (Stipa
speciosa) [1,48].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Redstem stork's bill is a pioneer on disturbed sites. Wagner and others [50]
reported that redstem stork's bill seedlings were the first to emerge on
lands strip-mined for coal in New Mexico. Redstem stork's bill may have been
an initial colonizer in open areas of the Mojave Desert [51]. It is
also a residual or a secondary colonizer, since seedlings can either
establish from on-site seed or from seed carried in by animals [16]. In
annual grassland communities, redstem stork's bill is an early- to mid-seral
stage plant, being intolerant of the mulch layer that builds up in older
communities [4]. Redstem stork's bill is replaced in annual grasslands by
ripgut brome and slender wild oat. Redstem stork's bill will tolerate
partial shade, but vigor is reduced [2].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Seasonal development of redstem stork's bill varies depending upon climate.
Plant germinate in late fall in California, Nevada, and Arizona but
not start until midsummer of the following year in cold climates [5].
Plants in warm climates grow vigorously until winter, when growth slows.
Vigorous growth resumes in the spring. In cold climates, growth is
continuous from spring or summer until plant death in early fall [47].
Gordon and Sampson [18] reported the following developmental data for
redstem stork's bill in O'Neal, California:
germination - November
early leaf stage - December
flowers in bloom - March
seeds ripe - May
seeds disseminated - June
plant death - June
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Plant adaptations: Seed driven into the soil by the styles is usually
protected from fire [52].
Fire ecology: The prostrate stems of redstem stork's bill aid in spreading
ground fire. Dead plants contribute to fuel loads.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Moderate fire kills mature plants [20]. Grass fires are typically light
to moderate, and very young seedlings can survive fires of that
severity. Dennis [13] found that newly germinated redstem stork's bill
seedlings just beneath the litter layer were not harmed by a moderate
grass fire in Mendocino National Forest, California. Redstem stork's bill
seed in the litter layer remains viable following light fire, and seed
just under the litter layer remains viable following moderate fire.
Severe fire will kill seed unless it is buried 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) or
more deep [41,53].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
During the first postfire growing season, density of redstem stork's bill is
reduced, but biomass increases [11]. Seed production is highest at
postfire year 1, with redstem stork's bill populations peaking at postfire
year 2. Callison [10] reported redstem stork's bill as providing an absolute
cover value of 0.2 percent in an unburned area in the Beaver Dam
Mountains of southwestern Utah. Following a prescribed burn, the cover
value was 11.1 percent in the first postfire growing season, and 11.5
percent in the second. Cover value declined from postfire year 3 and
after. By postfire year 12, redstem stork's bill was no longer visible in
the plant community.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
After spring prescribed burning in a basin big sagebrush community in
east-central Oregon, the number of viable redstem stork's bill seeds was
significantly (P<0.1) reduced in burned soil samples compared to the
number of viable seeds in unburned soil samples [54]. See the
Research Project Summary of this work for more information on fire effects
on redstem stork's bill and 60 additional forb, grass, and woody plant species.
The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of redstem stork's bill and other plant species that
was not available when this species review was written.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Range: Frequent prescribed burning favors redstem stork's bill and other
forbs over annual grasses [5,20]. This is desirable when the climax
grass provides poor forage, such as ripgut brome. Grassland fire typically
destroys very few seeds or other organic matter in the soil [20]. It
does destroy the overlying mulch layer that inhibits germination of
redstem stork's bill seeds [5,19].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Erodium cicutarium
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