Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
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| Photo by Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, Bugwood.org. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Esser, Lora L. 1995. Bassia scoparia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/bassco/all.html [].
Updates :
On 2 February 2016, the scientific and common names of this species were changed
from: Kochia scoparia, summer-cypress
to: Bassia scoparia, burningbush
Citations were added [87,109] to support this chnage.
ABBREVIATION :
BASSCO
SYNONYMS :
Bassia sieversiana (Pall.) W.A. (documented in [87])
Kochia alata Bates [103]
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. [35,39,55,94,96]
Kochia scoparia var. scoparia
Kochia scoparia var. cultiva Farw. [35,39,62]
Kochia scoparia var. pubescens Fenzl [73]
Kochia scoparia var. subvillosa Moq. [39]
Kochia scoparia var. trichophila (Stapf.) Bailey [35,103]
Kochia sieversiana (Pallas) Mey [103]
Kochia trichophila Stapf. [103]
NRCS PLANT CODE [87] :
BASC5
COMMON NAMES :
burningbush
burning bush
common kochia
common red sage
burningbush
kochia
Mexican fireweed
summercypress
summer-cypress
TAXONOMY :
The scientific name of burningbush is Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott
[87,109] (Chenopodiaceae).
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Burningbush is a forb of Eurasian origin that has become naturalized
in the Great Plains and the western states [34,35]. It is also found in
New England and the Midwest [9,53,62,73]. In Canada burningbush
occurs in the Prairie Provinces and Quebec [8,13,63].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
STATES :
AZ CA CO CT HI ID IL IN IA KS
ME MA MI MN MT NE NV NH NM NY
ND OH OK OR SD TX UT VT VA WA
WY AB MB PQ SK
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
3 Southern Pacific Border
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
SAF COVER TYPES :
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
408 Other sagebrush types
414 Salt desert shrub
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
501 Saltbush-greasewood
502 Grama-galleta
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
508 Creosotebush-tarbush
601 Bluestem prairie
604 Bluestem-grama prairie
605 Sandsage prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
610 Wheatgrass
611 Blue grama-buffalograss
612 Sagebrush-grass
615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
703 Black grama-sideoats grama
704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
705 Blue grama-galleta
706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
709 Bluestem-grama
712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
714 Grama-bluestem
715 Grama-buffalograss
722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Burningbush occurs mainly in grassland, mixed-grass prairie,
shortgrass prairie, sagebrush, and desert shrub communities of western
North America.
Burningbush is common in floodplain and riparian habitats.
In Quebec burningbush is codominant with mayweed (Matricaria
maritima) along disturbed riverbanks [63]. In eastern Montana and
Wyoming burningbush occurs on meadow floodplains and temporary
mudflats [50]. It has been noted in Utah in marshes dominated by
bulrushes (Schoenoplectus spp.) and cattails (Typha spp.). Upland
associates include black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), Europe
swampfire (Salicornia europaea), and smotherweed (Bassia hyssopifolia)
[66,96]. It also occurs with saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) [15].
On the Colorado-Kansas border, burningbush occurs on the Arkansas River
floodplain. Common associates include saltcedar, sand dropseed
(Sporobolus cryptandrus), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and western
wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) [57]. In New Mexico burningbush
forms a dense cover along creek floodplains. Associates in the adjacent
grassland include cholla cactus (Opuntia imbricata), blue grama
(Bouteloua gracilis), sideoats grama (B. curtipendula), hairy grama (B.
hirsuta), and muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.) [68].
Prairie and plains grassland associates not previosly listed include red
threeawn (Aristida purpurea) and plains silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana
ssp. cana) in South Dakota [19]. In Kansas burningbush occurs in
mixed-grass prairie with sunflower (Helianthus annuus), switchgrass
(Panicum virgatum), ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), western poison-ivy
(Toxicodendron rydbergii), and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) [29,42].
Burningbush occurs also occurs in the Great Plains with saltgrass,
foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus
airoides) [91]. In Colorado burningbush occurs in shortgrass prairie
dominated by indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [10]. In Texas
burningbush occurs in the Southern High Plains [84].
Burningbush occurs in desert shrub communities of Utah, Montana, and
Wyoming [25,50]. In Utah burningbush occurs in shadscale (Atriplex
confertifolia) [25], in saline meadows dominated by saltgrass and annual
weeds, and in saltgrass-alkaligrass (Puccinellia spp.) communities [14].
In Montana and Wyoming burningbush occurs in saltbush (Atriplex spp.)
desert shrubland and greasewood (Sarcobatus spp.) desert shrubland
communities [50]. Common associates include Gardner's saltbush (A.
gardneri), budsage (Artemisia spinescens), indiangrass, and plains
pricklypear (Opuntia polyacantha) [50].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Likestock readily graze burningbush, but it may cause
photosensitization and cerebrocortical necrosis if overgrazed [17,22,35].
Toxic nephrosis and toxic hepatitis may also occur [22]. Toxic
substances identified in burningbush include saponins, alkaloids,
nitrates, and oxalates [22,104].
Despite its potential toxicity, burningbush is considered good forage
in arid and semiarid regions [36] and in the Great Plains [9]. In New
Mexico cattle on blue grama rangeland graze burningbush [53]. It is
highly preferred by cattle in northeastern Colorado [93].
Pronghorn and white-tailed deer in Montana and Colorado graze
burningbush [1,72]. In northcentral Montana the volume of
burningbush in white-tailed deer diets increased from 6 to 41 percent
from early to late winter. Burningbush is also grazed in the spring,
summer, and fall [1]. In Colorado, North Dakota, and South Dakota,
black-tailed prairie dogs eat burningbush seed [10,52].
PALATABILITY :
Palatability ratings for burningbush are as follows [24]:
C0 MT ND UT WY
cattle fair good good good good
domestic sheep fair good good good good
horses poor fair good fair good
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Although burningbush is potentially toxic, nutritional levels are
adequate to meet the requirements of most classes of livestock,
especially in the early growth stages [46,97]. Energy and protein
content ratings of burningbush are fair [24]. In Saskatchewan in
1984, mean nutrient composition (%) of burningbush hay, harvested at
two maturity stages, was as follows [51]:
burningbush
full bloom early seed
(Aug. 3) (Aug. 29)
crude protein 10.5 6.4
ash 13.2 9.4
cellulose 30.7 34.9
NDF * 51.0 61.1
ADF ** 32.2 38.9
IVOMD *** 57.7 48.7
* neutral detergent fiber
** acid detergent fiber
*** in-vitro organic matter digestibility
Burningbush nutritional values are rated as follows [24]:
UT WY MT ND
elk fair poor poor ----
mule deer good poor poor good
white-tailed deer ---- poor poor good
pronghorn fair fair ---- good
upland game birds good ---- ---- good
waterfowl poor ---- good ----
small nongame birds good ---- ---- good
small mammals good ---- ---- ----
COVER VALUE :
Burningbush cover values are rated as follows [24]:
UT WY MT ND
elk poor poor ---- ----
mule deer fair poor ---- good
white-tailed deer ---- poor ---- good
pronghorn fair poor ---- fair
upland game birds good fair poor good
waterfowl poor poor ---- good
small nongame birds good poor poor good
small mammals good good poor fair
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Burningbush colonizes disturbed sites such as streambanks, oil well
pits, and surface-mined lands. Although an exotic, it has been used for
revegetation of disturbed lands. It is rated moderately good for
erosion control and long-term revegetation potential and good for
short-term revegetation potential [24]. In Texas burningbush, at low
seeding rates in mixtures with perennial species, will establish on
rangelands that have been exposed to on-site disposal of drilling fluids
[58].
Burningbush may colonize surface-mined lands very well but persists
for only a few years. In North Dakota burningbush is the dominant
colonizer on surface-mined lands. Iverson and Wali [44] studied a
series of topsoiled, contoured, and seeded mined lands in western North
Dakota. Burningbush was the dominant species in first year areas,
showed high density but low vigor in second year areas, and was
virtually eliminated by the third year. Decaying shoots and roots of
large first-year burningbush may inhibit the growth of second-year
seedlings [43,45].
In Saskatchewan burningbush is the dominant plant in abundance and
percent cover among all pioneer species in sodic soils resulting from
surface mining activity [78]. Burningbush seed is the most abundant
species on spoilbanks created by strip-mine coal operations [4].
Burningbush offers the possibility for obtaining a rapidly
established but short-lived protective vegetative cover on saline soils
[78]. This cover could be used as a forage species or as a soil
stabilizer, allowing more desirable species to establish [4,78]. On a
strip-mine site on the Illinois prairie, burningbush percent cover
was 14.1 the second year after disturbance [3].
In Alberta burningbush was chosen for germination trials on a
phospho-gypsum tailings site. Germination rates were low for the
control (30%) and for the three tailings treatment sites (20%). None of
the burningbush germinants reached the first leaf stage [83].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Burningbush is planted as an ornamental [27,96].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In the Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest, burningbush is
becoming a serious weed in pastures and rangelands [9,26,30].
Burningbush can be effectively controlled with a variety of
herbicides; but is not controlled by phenoxy herbicides at rates
recommended for crops [67,82]. Grazing or mowing will not control
burningbush or stop seed production [9].
Burningbush is allelopathic, inhibiting early growth of other
burningbush seedlings as well as growth of other plant species
[108].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Burningbush is an introduced, annual forb that grows from 1 to 6 feet
(0.3-1.8 m) tall [9,27,98]. Stems are erect, simple to much-branched,
and often form pyramidal or rounded tops [6,35,37,39]. Leaves are 0.8
to 4 inches (2-10 cm) long and 0.02 to 0.48 inch (0.5-12 mm) wide
[35,39,98]. The dry fruit has a single seed from 0.08 to 0.12 inch (2-3
mm) long [17,35]. Roots generally penetrate to depths of 6 to 8 feet
(1.8-2.4 m) [9,26,27,32], but reached depths of 16 feet (4.8 m) in a
sorghum field in Kansas during a severe drought [100]. Roots can extend
laterally up to 22 feet (6.6 m) [9,27]. Burningbush is drought
tolerant [27,46,58]. It is not tolerant of spring flooding [51].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Therophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Burningbush reproduces exclusively by seed. It exhibits extreme
reproductive plasticity in that one plant can produce over 50,000 seeds
per year under favorable conditions, but only 5 seeds per year under
stressful conditions [9,44]. Typically a burningbush plant will
produce about 14,600 seeds per year [27]. Major means of seed
dissemination is a "tumbleweed" dispersal mechanism via stem abscission
[4,9,43,44]. Wind and water are effective dispersal agents as well
[45]. Seeds of burningbush have a dormancy period of 2 to 3 months
and germinate early in the spring [27,30,45]. Seeds germinate in
temperatures ranging from 39 to 106 degrees Fahrenheit (3.9-41 deg C),
with optimum germination occurring at 61 degrees Fahrenheit (16 deg C)
[27]. Seeds have little or no seedbank viability [44]; they either
germinate or decay in 1 year [9]. In eastern Washington and Oregon
burningbush seeds buried 4 inches (10 cm) in soil had less than one
percent viability after 2 years [9,27]. Seed viability is reduced by
livestock digestion [8,9]. Seedlings of burningbush are
frost tolerant [9,27,44].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Burningbush is common in fields, pastures, rangelands, waste places,
and along roadsides [6,30,35,41,89]. Burningbush is most often found
in open, unshaded areas on disturbed sites [9,17,46,55,90]. It grows
well on a variety of soil types [46,55], and is often found on
saline/alkaline soils [89,90].
Elevations for burningbush are as follows:
feet meters
California <5,000 <1,500 [39]
Colorado 4,000-9,700 1,200-2,910 [24,38]
Montana <4,000 <1,200 [50]
New Mexico 6,200-7,000 1,860-2,100 [41,68]
Utah 2,800-6,550 850-1,985 [24,96]
Wyoming 3,600-6,200 1,080-1,860 [24]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Burningbush invades disturbed sites and may move onto undisturbed
sites when growing conditions are ideal [18,56,59,78]. It colonizes
rapidly and may suppress other vegetation [56]. Burningbush often
invades saline rangelands [78,90].
Burningbush is an early pioneering annual on denuded areas. On a disturbed
mixed-grass prairie site in Wyoming, burningbush was one of six forbs
to dominate vegetation in the first few years after disturbance;
burningbush persisted on the site for over 10 years [71]. In the Northern
Great Plains burningbush invades wetland basins during drought and is especially
opportunistic around brackish or saline wetlands [56]. In Montana burningbush
often forms dense single-species stands; on recently disturbed sites other
introduced annuals are common associates [37].
In Colorado burningbush is an early seral forb on disturbed sites and
can dominate vegetation for the first 2 years on sites that are
disturbed; if nitrogen is added, burningbush may dominate for up to 5
years [60]. On the Arkansas River, Colorado, in mature (20-25 year-old)
saltcedar stands, burningbush cover in the forb layer is nearly 100
percent [57].
Near the Great Salt Lake, Utah, die-back of shadscale has favored
burningbush and other species; burningbush is especially prevalent
in valley bottoms [25].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Burningbush flowering dates are as follows:
California Aug-Oct [64]
Colorado Jun-Oct [24]
Illinois July-Sep [62]
Kansas July-Oct [6]
Montana Jul-Aug 24]
New England Sep-Oct [73]
North Dakota July-Sep [24]
Utah July-Oct [98]
Virginia Jun-Sep [99]
Wyoming July-Oct [98]
Great Plains July-Oct [35]
In Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, burningbush flowers from July to
the first killing frost [9].
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| Burningbush turns red at the end of the growing season. Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org. |
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Burningbush seed may colonize burned sites via its "tumbleweed"
dispersal mechanism.
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Bassia scoparia
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Burningbush is probably killed by fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
In the Little Missouri Grasslands of North Dakota, 5,400 acres (2,160
ha) of grassland burned in 1988. In 1989, burningbush had "broken
through the blackened land of a year ago" [23].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
References for species: Bassia scoparia
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3. Anderson, Roger C.; Birkenholz, Dale E. 1983. Growth and establishment of prairie grasses and domestic forage on strip-mine soils. In: Kucera, Clair L., ed. Proceedings, 7th North American prairie conference; 1980 August 4-6; Springfield, MO. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri: 183-188. [3219]
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