Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)

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SPECIES: Artemisia ludoviciana

INTRODUCTORY

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS
	© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES/PROVINCES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

ECOSYSTEMS [42]:
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES44 Alpine

STATES/PROVINCES: (key to state/province abbreviations)
UNITED STATES

Sagebrush ecosystems: White sagebrush commonly occurs in sagebrush (Artemisia subsp.) communities. Shrub and tree associates include big sagebrush (A. tridentata), black sagebrush (A. nova), fringed sagebrush (A. frigida), shadscale saltbush (Atriplex confertifolia), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), green rabbitbrush (C. viscidiflorus), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), Rocky mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), western juniper (J. occidentalis), interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), and several oaks (Quercus spp.). Herbaceous understory associates include Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.), ephedra (Ephedra spp.), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), rough fescue (Festuca altaica), needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), plains bluegrass (P. arida), and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) [37,72,115].

Chaparral-mountain shrub ecosystems: Common tree and shrub associates in these plant communities include alligator juniper (J. deppeana), oneseed juniper (J. monosperma), Utah juniper (J. osteosperma), Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides), Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica), canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis), Emory oak (Q. emoryi), Gambel oak (Q. gambelii), silverleaf oak (Q. hypoleucoides), Mexican blue oak (Q. oblongifolia), shrub live oak (Q. turbinella), interior live oak (Q. wislizenii), chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.), bush chinquapin (Chrysolepsis sempervirens), curlleaf mountain-mahogany , birchleaf mountain-mahogany (C. betuloides), bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), and bittercherry (Prunus emarginata). Understory associates include sideoats grama (B. curtipendula), hairy grama (B. hirsuta), and eastern Mojave buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) [37,72,115].

Plains grasslands: White sagebrush is particularly common in plains and prairie grassland communities. In plains grasslands, associates include Indian ricegrass, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), desert wheatgrass (A. desertorum), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii), sand bluestem (A. g. var. paucipilus), blue grama, sideoats grama, hairy grama, black grama (B. eriopoda), buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), oatgrass (Danthonia spp.), Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis), thickspike wheatgrass (E. lanceolatus), rough fescue, prairie Junegrass, needle-and-thread grass, porcupine grass (H. spartea), green needlegrass (Nassella viridula), tobosa (Pleuraphis mutica), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), western wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides). Woody plants commonly occurring in these communities include fringed sagebrush, sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), Ashe juniper (J. ashei), eastern redcedar (J. virginiana) winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata ), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), post oak (Q. stellata), and live oak (Q. virginiana) [72,115].

Prairie grasslands: In prairie communities, common associates include threeawns (Aristida spp.), big bluestem, sand bluestem, blue grama, hairy grama, sideoats grama, buffalo grass, prairie sandreed, needle-and-thread grass, porcupine grass, prairie Junegrass, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem, indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis), and giant dropseed (S. giganteus). Common woody associates are big sagebrush, black sagebrush, sand sagebrush, rubber rabbitbrush, green rabbitbrush, winterfat, saltbushes (Atriplex spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), eastern redcedar, eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), post oak, blackjack oak, and black oak (Q. velutina) [37,72,115].

White sagebrush usually occurs in scattered amounts and does not dominate extensive areas [118], though it may form dense stands locally in grassland communities [36]. White sagebrush may be dominant in Wyoming, commonly codominating forb communities with tobacco root (Valeriana edulis) [24,47]. This forb community is often found near subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) habitat types. Other associates in the white sagebrush-tobacco root community type are Idaho fescue, Rocky Mountain goldenrod (Solidago multiradiata), thickstem aster (Eurybia integrifolia), sulphur-flower buckwheat (Eriogonum umbellatum), slender cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis), elkweed (Frasera speciosa), and spike trisetum (Trisetum spicatum) [47]. In Alberta, white sagebrush may codominate with western wheatgrass. Other common associates in this community are riverbank sedge (Carex stenoptila), Kentucky bluegrass, curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa), and desert goosefoot (Chenopodium pratericola) [128]. White sagebrush is noted as a "differential species" in mixed-grass (Kentucky bluegrass dominant) and tallgrass (big bluestem dominant) prairie communities. In the mixed-grass community, other associates include western wheatgrass and smooth brome (Bromus inermis), while little bluestem is common in the tallgrass community [85].

Vegetation classifications identifying white sagebrush as a plant community dominant are listed below:

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

White sagebrush is a native perennial forb or small shrub [103,119]. Stems seldom branch and are loosely clustered or solitary [59,119,131]. Though generally erect [119], alpine subspecies (e.g., A. l. subsp. incompta) may be decumbent compared to the more upright forms found at lower elevations [118]. White sagebrush grows 0.5 to 3 feet (0.15-1.0 m) tall [43,46,56,103,119,132] and has alternate, irregularly toothed leaves [119]. The inflorescence is a narrow, open to dense panicle reaching 2 to 12 inches (5-30 cm) in length. The many nodding flower heads are <7 mm in diameter [56,132]. Seeds are small achenes [123].

White sagebrush is often densely aggregated in pure stands 6.5 to 10 feet (2-3 m) in diameter, with all stalks connected by underground stems or rhizomes [36,56,59,69,96,103,119,131] that thicken with age. White sagebrush rhizomes and dense, coarse roots are generally found between 1 and 5.5 inches (2.5-14 cm) deep [96,118]. Root branching in the fibrous root system is so interlaced that a firm mesh forms in the upper 2 inches (5 cm) of soil [96,113]. White sagebrush roots may reach 27.5 inches (70 cm) deep [143].

Roots may be colonized by mycorrhizae [136]; when colonized, ramet growth rates and biomass are reduced, resulting in a reduction in size and density of white sagebrush [137]. Root nodulation is inconsistent [38,118,139], and it is difficult to confirm any significant degree of nitrogen fixation [118].

Breeding system: White sagebrush is monoecious [118].

Pollination: White sagebrush is self- and wind pollinated [57,118].

Seed production: Most subspecies produce seed "adequately" [118]. The outer florets of white sagebrush are usually sterile, while the inner florets are usually fertile [119].

Seed dispersal: White sagebrush seeds are spread by wind, gravity, and water [123].

Seed banking: white sagebrush seed can last 4 to 6 years in warehouse storage [114]. As of this writing (2005), there is no information on viability of soil-stored seed.

Germination: No information is available on this topic. For information on artificial germination of white sagebrush, see Management Considerations.

Seedling establishment/growth: White sagebrush dies back at the end of the season, so annual production is equivalent to total aboveground mass at the end of the growing season [54,118].

Asexual regeneration: White sagebrush forms new aerial shoots from the bases of earlier shoots and from slender horizontal rhizomes [93,98]. Some subspecies reproduce aggressively by spreading rhizomes, while others express weaker rhizomes [118,123]. When strongly rhizomatous, white sagebrush can form colonies up to 50 feet (15 m) in diameter. A study in Montana found that on wet sites colonies advanced in all directions, but on dry sites colonies increased in diameter only in wet microsites (e.g. drainage depressions) [54].

White sagebrush is found on a wide range of soil types [118,119]. It is common on sandy to gravelly or stony sites, including scree slopes and rockslides [56,87,131,141]. White sagebrush is frequently found on exposed ridges and sites free of snow accumulation [118]. It is also found on silty soils, and may occur on soils with high lime content, though not abundantly [106].

The following table presents the elevational range of white sagebrush in the western United States:

FIRE ECOLOGY

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

Fire regimes: White sagebrush is found in a wide variety of habitat types and plant communities, so fire regimes also vary widely. No specific information regarding the interaction between white sagebrush and different fire regimes was found in the available literature. However, based on prescribed fire studies, frequent fire may substantially reduce white sagebrush on a site. For more information on the effects of frequent burning, see Fire Management Considerations.

The following list provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where white sagebrush occurs. It may not be inclusive. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".

FIRE EFFECTS

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Response of white sagebrush percent cover to fire is inconsistent. In a Kansas big bluestem-little bluestem-indiangrass prairie, white sagebrush percent cover decreased with burning during any season on upland sites and with spring burning on lowland sites after 8 years of burning during different seasons. On lowlands, percent cover increased with fall and winter burning [121]. In an Alberta rough fescue-porcupine grass grassland, canopy cover of white sagebrush increased in the 1st postburn growing season following both a spring and a fall burn [9]. Becker [13] also describes an increase in foliage after spring burning in a Minnesota big bluestem-prairie dropseed community. In an Arizona Santa Catalina Mountain Madrean oak community dominated by Emory oak, Mexican blue oak, and Arizona white oak, another study found a strong increase in white sagebrush cover following burning, with cover continuing to increase for 3 years after fire. The table below details changes in white sagebrush percent cover for 2 seasons following a June 1983 burn [21]:

A study of prescribed fire on green needlegrass-western wheatgrass plains grassland sites in North Dakota found no consistent postfire effect on white sagebrush cover [67].

The Research Project Summary Seasonal fires in Saskatchewan rough fescue prairie provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plains grassland community species including white sagebrush.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES
• OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

Greater sage-grouse use white sagebrush for summer food and cover [105,130].

White sagebrush is an important food source for grasshoppers [70]. It is an almost exclusive host for the specialist grasshopper Hypochlora alba [17,18,69,76]. It is also the only known host of the fruit fly Eutreta simplex [44].

Palatability/nutritional value: White sagebrush palatability has been rated poor to fair for domestic cattle, sheep, and horses in Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Palatability domestic sheep is rated good in Utah [32].

A study by Bezeau and Johnston [15] found 5.8% average digestible protein in white sagebrush samples. The table below summarizes chemical analysis of white sagebrush from Arizona chaparral [125]:

Average chemical composition of white sagebrush in Alberta rough fescue grassland at 3 different stages of white sagebrush growth is summarized in the following table [61]:

Cover value: Cover value of white sagebrush has been rated poor to fair for big game animals, upland game birds, nongame birds, and waterfowl. It has been rated as good cover for small mammals in Utah, though rated poor elsewhere [32].

White sagebrush seeds germinate well in the laboratory at 59-77 ^oF (15-25 ^oC) [86]. Eddleman [36] found germination was highest at both 68 ^oF (20 ^oC) constant and 68/41 ^oF (20/5 ^oC) alternating temperatures, with germination improved by 3-month stratification. Other laboratory experiments conducted at 59 ^oF have found up to 95% germination in petri dishes, and 69% germination in soil tests. On filter paper, the following germination rates were achieved at different temperatures [54]:

One laboratory analysis, however, found seed viability of white sagebrush was only 34.6% [23].

Native American medicinal uses included treatment for sore throats, stomach ailments, and difficulty in childbirth [109,119]. White sagebrush leaves were also crushed and used as snuff to treat sinus attacks, nosebleeds, and headaches [53]. Tea made with white sagebrush was used in Mexican traditional medicine to alleviate intestinal pain [108]. An essential oil extracted from white sagebrush (A. l. subsp. mexicana) has been demonstrated to give symptomatic relief of diarrhea [144]. Extracts of white sagebrush have antifungal properties [80].

Artemisia ludoviciana: References

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