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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Opuntia polyacantha. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/cactus/opupol/all.html [].
The fully documented scientific name of plains pricklypear is Opuntia
polyacantha Haw. (Cactaceae) [6,30,42,51,69]. Infrataxa are as follows
[69,70,71]:
Opuntia polyacantha var. arenaria (Englm.) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha var. erinacea (Englm.) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha var. hysricina (Engelm.) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha var. nicholii (L. Benson) Parfitt
Opuntia polyacantha. var. polyacantha
Grizzlybear pricklypear (Opuntia × columbiana Griffiths) is a brittle
pricklypear × little pricklypear (O. fragilis) hybrid [69].
Plains pricklypear grows in the northern and southern Great Plains, the shrub- and woodlands of the Great Basin, the eastern Sierra Nevada, the borders of the Rocky Mountain forest regions, and the northern Chihuahuan Desert. It occurs from British Columbia to Manitoba southward through the Dakotas and Missouri to Texas and every state westward [6,30,42]. A distributional map of plains pricklypear is available on the PLANTS database. Distribution of infrataxa is as follows [70]:
Opuntia polyacantha var. arenaria - in sandy soils near the Rio
Grande of southeastern New Mexico, extreme western Texas, and northern Chihuahua
Opuntia polyacantha var. erinacea - Arizona
Opuntia polyacantha var. hysricina - eastern Utah and western
Colorado
Opuntia polyacantha var. nicholii - Arizona and New Mexico
Opuntia polyacantha. var. polyacantha - Alberta and Saskatchewan
south to western Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Utah
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES40 Desert grasslands
Pads regreening | March |
Pads enlarging | April |
Floral buds developing | May |
Flowering | June/July |
Fruit developing | July/August |
Fruit drop | September |
Plains pricklypear plants are vulnerable to fire [49,93,106]. Plants
regenerate by sprouting from the root crown, by layering of unburned or partially burned stem pieces that contact soil,
and from seedling establishment [1,13,56,93,97].
Many succulents, including plains pricklypear, live in fire-prone habitats with fire frequencies ranging from 1 to 3 years (Canadian prairies), to more than 250 years (Sonoran Desert). Succulent mortality after a fire is often greater than 50%, but rarely total. Authors speculate that increased fire severity causes increased succulent mortality, but data are lacking [46,93].
FIRE REGIMES:
Fire regimes for plant communities and ecosystems in which plains pricklypear is likely to occur are summarized below.
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".
Community or Ecosystem | Dominant Species | Fire Return Interval Range (years) |
bluestem prairie | Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium | < 10 [12,54] |
sagebrush steppe | Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata | 20-70 [12] |
basin big sagebrush | A. t. var. tridentata | 12-43 [81] |
Wyoming big sagebrush | A. t. var. wyomingensis | 10-70 (40)** [30,108] |
saltbush-greasewood | Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus | < 35 to < 100 |
desert grasslands | Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica | 5-100 |
plains grasslands | Bouteloua spp. | < 35 |
blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass | B. gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii | < 35 |
blue grama-buffalo grass | B. gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides | < 35 |
grama-galleta steppe | Bouteloua gracilis-Pleuraphis jamesii | < 35 to < 100 |
blue grama-tobosa prairie | B. gracilis-Pleuraphis mutica | < 35 to < 100 |
cheatgrass | Bromus tectorum | < 10 |
paloverde-cactus shrub | Cercidium microphyllum/Opuntia spp. | < 35 to < 100 [12] |
curlleaf mountain-mahogany* | Cercocarpus ledifolius | 13-1000 [2,82] |
mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub | C. l.-Quercus gambelii | < 35 to < 100 |
blackbrush | Coleogyne ramosissima | < 35 to < 100 |
western juniper | Juniperus occidentalis | 20-70 |
wheatgrass plains grasslands | Pascopyrum smithii | < 35 |
pinyon-juniper | Pinus-Juniperus spp. | < 35 [12] |
Mexican pinyon | P. cembroides | 20-70 [65,91] |
Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine* | P. ponderosa var. scopulorum | 2-10 |
galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe | Pleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea | < 35 to < 100 |
mesquite | Prosopis glandulosa | < 35 to < 100 |
mesquite-buffalo grass | P. g.-Buchloe dactyloides | < 35 |
Texas savanna | P. g. var. glandulosa | < 10 |
oak-juniper woodland (Southwest) | Quercus-Juniperus spp. | < 35 to < 200 |
little bluestem-grama prairie | Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. | < 35 [12] |
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [89]:
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
Moderate or even low-severity fires can top-kill pricklypear species
[7,93,99,106]. Aboveground tissues of
Opuntia spp. are easily killed by fire, but some fleshy stem segments
usually survive low- to moderate-severity fire and
resume growth, even when burned off the parent plant [7,46,49,93,106]. Prickly-pears are vulnerable to mortality from heat
generated by fires as well as by actual burning [99]. Hotter fires
probably lead to higher mortality, but data are needed [46,93].
The succulent stems of pricklypear species are not
combustible and without sufficient fuel may suffer little damage from fire [46].
However, it is reported that a related species, brownspine pricklypear (O. phaecantha), is easily
killed by fire if the plant's height is less than 1 foot (0.3 m) [107].
In west Texas, Heirman and Wright [41] also reported that brownspine
pricklypear less than 2 feet (0.61 m) tall were easily killed by fire
because flames readily engulfed the plants.
Plains pricklypear postfire mortality may be delayed for 3 or more years. Secondary effects of fire include insect infestation of weakened plants and increased grazing pressure when spines are burned off [,13,14,77,101,105,107]. Studies in Texas showed that the cactus bug and the blue cactus borer prefer burned cactus pads
to unburned pads [20,80,85,101]. This preference may increase pricklypear mortality after burning [80]. In Wyoming, Smith and others [87] attributed mortality of plains pricklypear to dehydration following the burn rather than from fire-caused heat damage.
Brownspine pricklypear experienced high die-off following low-severity fire in Texas. Initial mortality was 20%. Insects
entered surviving plants through fire-scarred tissue, spreading
bacterial and fungal infections. New sprouts appeared within a few
weeks following the fire, but many sprouting plants lost their vascular
connection to the root because of insect damage and decay. By the end
of the 3rd year, mortality exceeded 70%. Most plants surviving
through postfire year 3 had sprouted from the root crown. The authors observed that mortality of both burned and unburned plants of brownspine pricklypear increased during years of below average precipitation [13].
Frequent fire reduces populations of low-growing Opuntia species like plains pricklypear [7]. Plants that survive in unburned refugia provide parents for regenerating burned areas. Observations of 1,665 plants from 19 succulent species on burned areas Arizona showed that 13% were in unburned refugia [93]; the spatial extent of the refugia was not described.
Fire has been used as a tool to increase the edibility of plains pricklypear and related species for livestock by burning off spines [32,84]. Wildlife consumption of burned plains pricklypear is also a consideration. In southern Alberta, pronghorn were attracted to burned areas to graze on plains pricklypear when spines were singed off green plants [19,88].
Although prescribed burning may effectively control plains pricklypear in some cases, in dry years desirable forage is lost [105,106]. In a 1965 Wyoming study, burning was among 4 treatments tested for controlling plains pricklypear. The other 3 methods were chemical, bulldozer blading over frozen ground, and beating with a tractor attachment. Burning was found to be unsatisfactory because, though cactus kill was estimated to be 70%, an unacceptable amount of preferred vegetation was damaged. At that time, the most successful method was thought to be blading, despite vegetation and soil damage [47].
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