Index of Species Information
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Pandion haliaetus
Introductory
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Pandion haliaetus
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Pandion haliaetus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/paha/all.html [].
ABBREVIATION :
PAHA
COMMON NAMES :
osprey
fish hawk
fish eagle
TAXONOMY :
The currently recognized scientific name for the osprey is Pandion
haliaetus (Linnaeus) [4,24,32]. Four subspecies are recognized. Size and
plumage best separate subspecies, but the differences are not always
clear. This report will primarily deal with the North American
subspecies: Pandion haliaetus ssp. carolinesis (Gmelin). Other
recognized subspecies are [24,32]:
Pandion haliaetus ssp. haliaetus
Pandion haliaetus ssp. ridgwayi
Pandion haliaetus ssp. cristatus
ORDER :
Falconiformes
CLASS :
BirdFEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
Not listed
OTHER STATUS :
Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent changes
in status may not be included.
WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Pandion haliaetus
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
The osprey is nearly worldwide in distribution. It breeds in temperate
and tropical regions of all continents except South America. In North
America the subspecies carolinensis breeds from northwest Alaska and
northern Yukon to central Labrador and Newfoundland and south to Baja
California, central Arizona, southern Texas, the Gulf Coast, and
southern Florida [5,28]. They are migratory throughout most of their
range, wintering in Central and South America as far south as Argentina
and Chile [4,25]. Populations in southern Florida, Baja California, and
the Pacific coast of Mexico are year-round residents [25]. The
distributions of the other three subspecies are as follows [4]:
P. h. haliaetus - occurs from the Palearctic (Europe, the northwest
coast of Africa, and Asia north of the Himalayas).
P. h. ridgwayii - occurs in the Caribbean
P. h. cristatus - occurs in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby South
Pacific islands.
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
| AL |
AK |
AZ |
AR |
CA |
CO |
CT |
DE |
FL |
GA |
| ID |
LA |
ME |
MD |
MA |
MI |
MN |
MS |
MO |
MT |
| NV |
NH |
NJ |
NM |
NY |
NC |
OH |
OK |
OR |
PA |
| RI |
SC |
SD |
TN |
TX |
UT |
VT |
VA |
WA |
WI |
WY |
| AB |
BC |
MB |
NB |
NF |
NT |
NS |
ON |
PE |
PQ |
| SK |
YT |
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K009 Pine - cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa pine
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K071 Shinnery
K072 Sea oats prairie
K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K080 Marl - everglades
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K085 Mesquite - buffalograss
K086 Juniper - oak savanna
K087 Mesquite - oak savanna
K088 Fayette prairie
K089 Black Belt
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K091 Cypress savanna
K092 Everglades
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K105 Mangrove
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K109 Transition between K104 and K106
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K116 Subtropical pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch - red maple
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
38 Tamarack
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
50 Black locust
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweetgum
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
73 Southern redcedar
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
85 Slash pine - hardwood
88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
95 Black willow
107 White spruce
108 Red maple
98 Pond pine
96 Overcup oak - water hickory
101 Baldcypress
111 South Florida slash pine
109 Hawthorn
110 Black oak
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Ospreys occur in a variety of plant communities in association with
riparian habitat including shrublands, grasslands, swamps, and
coniferous and deciduous forests [14,24,30]. In Minnesota, ospreys nest
most frequently in lowland communities such as those dominated by black
spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) [17]. In
California, ospreys are primarily associated with ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) and mixed-conifer types [30].
BIOLOGICAL DATA AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Pandion haliaetus
TIMING OF MAJOR LIFE HISTORY EVENTS :
Courtship - Ospreys generally arrive on their breeding grounds in late
March or early April. Pair bonding persists from one year to the next,
and the same nest site may be used for many years [26]. Most ospreys
are monogamous; occasionally they breed as a polygynous trio (one male
breeding concurrently with two females) [24].
Age at first reproduction - Ospreys generally first breed when they are
between 3 and 4 years old [24,28]. Juveniles spend about 17 months on
the wintering gounds. At around 2 years of age they return to the
nesting grounds but do not breed until the following year [28]. Age at
first reproduction varies not only among individual ospreys but among
populations, apparently in relation to the availability of nest sites
and other resources. For example, birds along the eastern shore of
Chesapeake Bay do not start breeding until they are 5 to 7 years old due
to the lack of nest sites [24].
Clutch/incubation/fledging - Most migratory ospreys lay two to four eggs
from late April to early May and incubate them for 5 to 6 weeks [24,28].
An average of 1.1 to 1.3 young per active nest are fledged per year
[28]. Young fledge when they are about 2 months old [4,28]. They
return to the nest for feeding and roosting for another week, and can be
found nearby for sometime after that [4]. Most resident ospreys lay
their clutch in winter. In southern Florida, for example, ospreys lay
from early December until late February [24].
Life span - On average, out of 100 fledged young, 37 will be alive 4
years after fledging, 17 will be alive 8 years after fledging, and only
six to eight will be alive 12 years after fledging. The greatest
longevity recorded is 25 years [24].
PREFERRED HABITAT :
Ospreys occupy a wide range of habitats near water, primarily lakes,
rivers, and coastal waters with adequate supplies of fish [4]. Their
nests are generally built within 6 to 7 miles (9.6-11.2 km) of large
lakes or rivers with slow-moving water [14,30]. Flattened portions of
partially broken off snags, trees, rocks, dirt pinnacles, cacti, and
numerous man-made structures such as utility poles and duck blinds are
used for nests [14,28,30]. The nests consist of a large interwoven pile
of sticks lined with some soft material such as cedar bark or moss
[28,30]. The area around the nest is generally open, giving the birds
clear access when landing. Ponderosa pine in the western United States,
tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica) in the eastern United States, and mangroves
(Rhizophora spp.) in the subtropics are all favored as nest trees for
this reason [24].
COVER REQUIREMENTS :
Ospreys typically nest at the extreme tip of a tree or snag with little
or no overhead cover [17]. They prefer tall snags that provide good
visibility and security [5]. Ospreys also prefer to nest over water for
protection against climbing predators. Islands free of mammalian
predators allow safe nesting in low trees and even on the ground.
Swamps also provide safe nesting [24].
FOOD HABITS :
The osprey diet consists almost entirely of fish, but they will
occasionally eat frogs, snakes, ducks, crows, and small mammals
[5,6,28,29]. Ospreys can penetrate only about 3 feet (1 m) below the
water surface. Therefore, they generally catch only surface fish or
those that frequent shallow flats and shorelines. Ospreys are
opportunists. If fish are abundant, accessible, and the right size they
seldom go unconsumed [24]. Poole [24] found that along the southern
coast of New England, about one-half of the fish ospreys eat during the
breeding season are winter flounder (Pseudopleuonectes americanus).
White herring (Alosa spp.) and Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) each
supply another 20 percent of the diet. Inland ospreys are likely to eat
the same species of fish throughout the breeding season, but coastal
populations change prey regularly in response to the seasonal migration
of marine fish [24]. Ospreys in western North America often eat
suckers, carp, bullhead (Ictalurus spp.), and perch (Perca flavescens)
when nesting near warm shallow lakes or reservoirs but eat trout when
nesting near deeper, colder waters [24,29].
PREDATORS :
Crocodiles (Crocodylus spp.) have been known to eat ospreys roosting on
mudbanks, but only owls (mostly great horned owls [Bubo virginianus])
kill adult ospreys with any regularity. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) will
eat osprey eggs and chicks. Predators exert a major impact on the nest
sites ospreys choose. Most climbing predators like raccoons seem
reluctant to swim far, so only aerial predators such as owls reach
overwater nests easily [24].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In the 1960's osprey populations declined as a result of DDT which were
washed into water courses and ingested by fish. These DDT residues
affected the estrogen hormone which controls calcium and egg shell
thickness, resulting in thinner shells and broken eggs [4,26].
Following tight restrictions on the use of DDT, pesticide residues
declined, and North American osprey populations increased consistently
between 1968 and 1981. Ospreys are still vulnerable to contamination
during migration in Central and South America, where DDT continues to be
used to control mosquitos which carry malaria parasites [26].
Some bird species have been observed forming protective nesting
associations with ospreys by building their nests in the sides or
bottoms of the stick nests of ospreys. These include house wrens
(Troglodytes aedon), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), European
starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula),
night-herons (Nycticorax spp.), swallows (Hirundinidae), and jays
(Corvidae) [26].
Artificial nest sites are successfully used by ospreys. One study
showed that the overall breeding success improved from 45.9 percent in
natural trees to 62.9 percent in man-made platforms [12].
Human disturbance during the critical periods of incubation and early
nesting stages can be fatal to embryos and nestlings if adults are kept
from their nests. Until an osprey pair becomes habituated to human
activities, human disturbance will jeopardize their nesting success
[29].
FIRE EFFECTS AND USE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Pandion haliaetus
DIRECT FIRE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS :
Ospreys are probably able to escape fire, however, nests may be
destroyed.
HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS :
Information was not found in the literature on habitat related fire
effects of the osprey; however, fires will presumably create and destroy
snags used by ospreys. Additionally, the short-term effects of a
riparian fire may affect the osprey's food supply. Removal of
streamside vegetation increases the risk of streambank erosion, reduces
available habitat and raises stream temperatures, all of which could
potentially reduce fish populations in the stream. However, the
long-term effect of fire on fish populations could be benefical. The
thinning and removal of conifers along streams by fire and stimulation
of deciduous vegetation promotes cover, provides shading, and allows
development of terrestrial insects important in the diet of fish [31].
FIRE USE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find Fire Regimes".
REFERENCES
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Pandion haliaetus
REFERENCES :
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[Ogden, UT]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
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reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
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FEIS Home Page
https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/paha/all.html
