Spruce Broom Rust

Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli Dietel.

Host(s) in Alaska:

Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
white spruce (P. glauca)
black spruce (P. mariana)
bearberry/kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi); alternate host

Habitat(s): branches or main boles of spruce trees, bearberry/kinnikinnick leaves

Current Status & Distribution in Alaska (2023 Update)

Spruce broom rust is one of the most easily identifiable diseases in Alaska; therefore, we have a remarkably comprehensive map of both ground and aerial observations (see Detection Map). The brooms are perennial, with relatively steady incidence from year to year, and bearberry/kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) is the alternate host. In 2023, we documented spruce broom rust on white and black spruce at 51 locations between the Brooks Range in the Interior to the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge on the Kenai Peninsula in Southcentral, and on Sitka spruce in Glacier Bay National Park. Broom rust was mapped at 144 locations during the aerial detection survey, about 100 in the Interior north of the Alaska Range, 40 in Southcentral, and four locations near Klukwan in northern Southeast Alaska. Individual trees with broom rust are often mapped from the air; however, in 2023, surveyors noted a relatively high disease incidence (11-29% of the forest affected by spruce broom rust) across about 75 acres along the upper Matanuska River. Lastly, 26 research grade observations were recorded through iNaturalist. 

The brooms are perennial, with relatively steady incidence from year to year. In 2018, an observation was made on the Seward Peninsula, over 100 miles west of previous detections and west of the proposed range of kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), the alternate host plant (based on Hulten, 1968, Flora of Alaska). This part of the state has not since been flown to confirm the record. Broom rust is common and widespread on white and black spruce branches and stems throughout Southcentral and the Interior. It is absent from most of Southeast aside from Glacier Bay, northern Lynn Canal, and Halleck Harbor on Kuiu Island. 

Historic Activity

The incidence of the perennial brooms changes little over time, although conditions for infection may be particularly favorable in some years.

Symptoms, Biology & Impacts

Spruce broom rust is one of the most conspicuous diseases of white, black, and Sitka spruce trees in Alaska. Infected trees have dense clusters of branches with a yellow or orange appearance on the branches or the main tree bole. These branch clusters are sometimes referred to as witches'-brooms or brooms.

During spring and summer the brooms have a yellow or orange appearance because of the short, yellowish needles they contain. In midsummer, yellow or orange spores erupt from pustules on the needles. A distinct sweet but earthy odor is often noted from sporulating brooms. Needles are shed in the fall, giving the broom a bare, dead appearance, but the twigs in brooms do not normally die. The following spring, brooms produce new, yellowish needles.

Many rust fungi must infect two different types of plants. Spruce broom rust infects kinnikinnick, sometimes called bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng). This low-growing, trailing plant has flexible stems, round and leathery perennial leaves, and red berries. Although spruce broom rust requires the alternate host kinnikinnick/bearberry to complete its lifecycle, infected spruce are sometimes observed where the alternate host is locally uncommon in the understory. Overall, the rust on spruce closely follows the distribution of kinnikinnick/bearberry, which is absent from most portions of Southeast Alaska, but can be found in many areas of South-central and Interior Alaska. Close relatives of kinnikinnik e.g., A. alpina (L.) Spreng and A. rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern. may also be susceptible to the fungus. These host plants may extend the range of the disease to spruce growing in northern and northwestern Alaska.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Many infected spruce trees suffer no apparent consequences. Other trees, however, may suffer some damage including reduced growth, top-kill, and infection by wood decay-causing fungi, or tree death.

• Reduced tree growth. Because the rust fungus causes extra nutrients to be channeled to the brooms, fewer nutrients are available to spruce trees for height and radial growth.
• Top kill. When brooms occur on the main bole of spruce trees, the top portion of the tree, above the broom, sometimes dies.
• Wood decay fungi. The dead portions of trees infected by spruce broom rust (e.g., tops, large limbs, and large scars) may serve as entrance courts for wood decay fungi. These fungi remove structural compounds from wood, which reduces usable wood volume for foresters and make trees vulnearble to bole snap. Trees with internal decay can become hazardous if located near homes, or in parks and recreation areas.
• Tree death. Spruce trees with several large brooms sometimes die, although this does not typically occur. It is possible that severely affected trees are weakened, allowing other fungi, bark beetles, or abiotic factors to finally kill these trees.

Ecologically, the brooms appear to serve as important, perhaps critical, winter habitat for birds and mammals. Studies on flying squirrels in Interior Alaska indicate that squirrels create a cavity or hollow within the brooms and utilize the site for dens.

Management

Brooms offer refuge for many birds and small mammals, perhaps a desirable feature for some homeowners or woodlot owners. For managers or homeowners hoping to reduce disease, removal of the alternate host (all kinnikinnick within 1,000 feet of spruce), pruning of affected branches, or removal or affected trees during thinning operations are all strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of spruce broom rust. Unfortunately, many brooms occur on the main bole, where they cannot be easily removed by pruning; for effective control of bole brooms, the top of the tree (including the broom) would have to be removed.

Survey Method

Spruce broom rust can be mapped by aerial survey when brooms occur in the upper crown but is often more easily observed from the ground.

Detection Map 

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