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Carving Mountains

Glacier viewThe Ice Age was about 12,000 years ago. Not long in geologic time.

Glacier iceIdaho looked much different than it does today. You could say Idaho was really cool. Frozen rivers of ice, called glaciers, inched their way down mountains and valleys.

U-shaped glacier carved valley
The glaciers were powerful. They ground and carved everything in their way. They moved house-sized boulders, widened river valleys and, sometimes, created pockets along high mountain ridges. When the climate warmed up, those pockets filled with melted glacier water and created high alpine lakes, like the one in the panorama.

Alpine Lake
How Talus Fields Form

Above treeline you often see large fields of chunky rocks called talus. Talus forms at the base of a cliffs and ridges. How are talus fields formed? Here's a hint, well, actually two hints: ice and gravity.

Talus slope illustration.

Water collects in cracks in big rocks. Years of freezing and thawing weaken the rocks. Eventually, a freeze will shatter the big rocks into chunky pieces. The pieces fall to the base of the cliff or mountain.

https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5042894.html